Fabrication and in vitro evaluation of 3D printed porous silicate substituted calcium phosphate scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

Abstract

Silicate‐substituted calcium phosphate (Si‐CaP) ceramics, alternative materials for autogenous bone grafting, exhibit excellent osteoinductivity, osteoconductivity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability; thus, they have been widely used for treating bone defects. However, the limited control over the spatial structure and weak mechanical properties of conventional Si‐CaP ceramics hinder their wide application. Here, we used digital light processing (DLP) printing technology to fabricate a novel porous 3D printed Si‐CaP scaffold to enhance the scaffold properties. Scanning electron microscopy, compression tests, and computational fluid dynamics simulations of the 3D printed Si‐CaP scaffolds revealed a uniform spatial structure, appropriate mechanical properties, and effective interior permeability. Furthermore, compared to Si‐CaP groups, 3D printed Si‐CaP groups exhibited sustained release of silicon (Si), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) ions. Furthermore, 3D printed Si‐CaP groups had more comprehensive and persistent osteogenic effects due to increased osteogenic factor expression and calcium deposition. Our results show that the 3D printed Si‐CaP scaffold successfully improved bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation and possessed a distinct apatite mineralization ability. Overall, with the help of DLP printing technology, Si‐CaP ceramic materials facilitate the fabrication of ideal bone tissue engineering scaffolds with essential elements, providing a promising approach for bone regeneration.

Concentration Selection of Biofriendly Enzyme-Modified Gelatin Hydrogels for Periodontal Bone Regeneration

“…However, as porosity increases, the mechanical strength of biomaterials tends to decrease. 53 Gelatin is inherently hydrophilic and mechanically weak, and TG, as a catalyst, can catalyze the formation of cross-linking covalent chains (isopeptide bounds), resulting in a denser internal network structure in gelatin, thus changing the related characterization. However, with the change of the concentration ratio, incomplete cross-linking might occur.…”

“…For bone regeneration, high interconnectivity of pores has been shown to be a fundamental requirement for proper cell adhesion and proliferation. However, as porosity increases, the mechanical strength of biomaterials tends to decrease . Gelatin is inherently hydrophilic and mechanically weak, and TG, as a catalyst, can catalyze the formation of cross-linking covalent chains (isopeptide bounds), resulting in a denser internal network structure in gelatin, thus changing the related characterization.…”

Comprehensive Review on Fabricating Bioactive Ceramic Bone Scaffold Using Vat Photopolymerization

“…The evaluation of bioactivity can be performed together with degradation experiments. The ceramic scaffold is immersed in the SBF or Tris buffer, and changes in ion concentration, pH, micromorphology, weight, and mechanical strength are recorded at specific time intervals. ,, During degradation, the mechanical strength and weight changes of bone scaffolds are affected by two mechanisms: (i) degradation or dissolution effects weaken the grain boundaries of the scaffold and increase the porosity, leading to a decay in strength; (ii) apatite deposited on the scaffold surface fills the pores, increasing the density and strength of the scaffold. The final strength and weight of the scaffold depend on which mechanism dominates the degradation process .…”

3D printed Si-CaP scaffold released SiO32- and Ca2+ to synergistically promote angiogenesis

“…7 With the advent of DLP 3D printing technology, our research group has successfully produced 3D printed Si-CaP scaffold. 8 DLP 3D printing technology greatly increased the porosity of the scaffold, enhanced adhesion ability of bone cells. This study will focus on the effect of SiO 3 2- and Ca 2+ released from 3D printed Si-CaP on the formation of blood vessels.…”