Fabrication of 3D-printed bone scaffold of natural hydroxyapatite from fish bones in polylactic acid composite

Nadarajan, Vickneson; Phang, Siew Wei; Choo, Hui Leng

doi:10.1063/5.0001497

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Additionally, the deformation (bending mode) of the C–H groups and the possible vibration of the C–COO group could be identified as low-intensity peaks at 1368 and 873 cm −1 , respectively, as also found in refs. [ 13 , 25 , 27 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PET-G), and nylon are the most frequently employed materials in FDM for various biomedical applications (e.g., fixation devices and bone grafting), due to their biocompatible, easily biodegradable, and sterilisable features [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Apart from this, PLA has been chosen from this group due to its low toxicity and sustainable origin, and has also been endorsed by the Food and Drug Administration as a safe biomaterial [ 8 , 10 , 24 , 25 ]. On the other hand, the ABS resins family present outstanding dimensional stability and excellent chemical, mechanical, and heat resistance features that make them popular alternatives for the addressed field [ 10 , 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Selection Route of Precursor Materials in 3D Printing Composite Filament Development for Biomedical Applications

et al. 2023

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Additive manufacturing or 3D printing technologies might advance the fabrication sector of personalised biomaterials with high-tech precision. The selection of optimal precursor materials is considered the first key-step for the development of new printable filaments destined for the fabrication of products with diverse orthopaedic/dental applications. The selection route of precursor materials proposed in this study targeted two categories of materials: prime materials, for the polymeric matrix (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA)); and reinforcement materials (natural hydroxyapatite (HA) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) of different dimensions). HA was isolated from bovine bones (HA particles size < 40 μm, <100 μm, and >125 μm) through a reproducible synthesis technology. The structural (FTIR-ATR, Raman spectroscopy), morphological (SEM), and, most importantly, in vitro (indirect and direct contact studies) features of all precursor materials were comparatively evaluated. The polymeric materials were also prepared in the form of thin plates, for an advanced cell viability assessment (direct contact studies). The overall results confirmed once again the reproducibility of the HA synthesis method. Moreover, the biological cytotoxicity assays established the safe selection of PLA as a future polymeric matrix, with GNP of grade M as a reinforcement and HA as a bioceramic. Therefore, the obtained results pinpointed these materials as optimal for future composite filament synthesis and the 3D printing of implantable structures.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selection Route of Precursor Materials in 3D Printing Composite Filament Development for Biomedical Applications

et al. 2023

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“…The biogenic facet was also followed in this study based on the facile and reproducible synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HA) from natural resources (e.g., bovine or fish bones [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ], marble, or seashells [ 23 , 30 , 31 ]) due to its physico-chemical and biological affinity for and similarity to natural bone [ 6 , 27 , 30 , 32 ]. Nonetheless, structures composed of HA alone revealed unsuitable mechanical resistance and a slow degradation rate with minimum induced porosity over prolonged periods from implantation [ 1 , 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocompatible Composite Filaments Printable by Fused Deposition Modelling Technique: Selection of Tuning Parameters by Influence of Biogenic Hydroxyapatite and Graphene Nanoplatelets Ratios

Mocanu,

Constantinescu,

Pandele

et al. 2024

Biomimetics

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The proposed strategy for the extrusion of printable composite filaments follows the favourable association of biogenic hydroxyapatite (HA) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) as reinforcement materials for a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix. HA particles were chosen in the <40 μm range, while GNP were selected in the micrometric range. During the melt–mixing incorporation into the PLA matrix, both reinforcement ratios were simultaneously modulated for the first time at different increments. Cylindrical composite pellets/test samples were obtained only for the mechanical and wettability behaviour evaluation. The Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy depicted two levels of overlapping structures due to the solid molecular bond between all materials. Scanning electron microscopy and surface wettability and mechanical evaluations vouched for the (1) uniform/homogenous dispersion/embedding of HA particles up to the highest HA/GNP ratio, (2) physical adhesion at the HA-PLA interface due to the HA particles’ porosity, (3) HA-GNP bonding, and (4) PLA-GNP synergy based on GNP complete exfoliation and dispersion into the matrix.

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“…However, the use of polymeric components alone proved challenging for bone structures development due to unsuitable mechanical (e.g., brittleness) and surface abilities (e.g., poor adhesion for cells or proteins attachment) for the final application [ 20 , 21 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. Similarly, structures consisting of only HA indicated a slow degradation rate and a reduced porosity level several months after implantation [ 23 , 31 ]. As such, recent dedicated studies focused on the necessity to create advanced materials, namely advanced composites based on commercial/synthetic CaPs and a polymeric matrix (mostly PLA) [ 7 , 20 , 24 , 26 , 29 , 30 , 32 , 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, we propose the incorporation of naturally derived CaPs (i.e., bovine bone HA) into the polymeric matrix (i.e., PLA), without binders or surface modifiers added during preparation and engineering of a completely natural composite filament type destined for scaffolds manufacturing with biomedical applicability. To the best of our knowledge, only one study has reported the addition of natural-fishbone-derived HA into the PLA matrix, but it lacks substantial information in regard to the processing technique, investigation stages, and results for the obtained materials [ 31 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Ceramic Particles Size and Ratio on Surface—Volume Features of the Naturally Derived HA-Reinforced Filaments for Biomedical Applications

Mocanu

Miculescu

Dascălu

et al. 2022

JFB

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The intersection of the bone tissue reconstruction and additive manufacturing fields promoted the advancement to a prerequisite and new feedstock resource for high-performance bone-like-scaffolds manufacturing. In this paper, the proposed strategy was directed toward the use of bovine-bone-derived hydroxyapatite (HA) for surface properties enhancement and mechanical features reinforcement of the poly(lactic acid) matrix for composite filaments extrusion. The involvement of completely naturally derived materials in the technological process was based on factors such as sustainability, low cost, and a facile and green synthesis route. After the HA isolation and extraction from bovine bones by thermal processing, milling, and sorting, two dependent parameters—the HA particles size (<40 μm, <100 μm, and >125 μm) and ratio (0–50% with increments of 10%)—were simultaneously modulated for the first time during the incorporation into the polymeric matrix. The resulting melt mixtures were divided for cast pellets and extruded filaments development. Based on the obtained samples, the study was further designed to examine several key features by complementary surface–volume characterization techniques. Hence, the scanning electron microscopy and micro-CT results for all specimens revealed a uniform and homogenous dispersion of HA particles and an adequate adhesion at the ceramic/polymer interface, without outline pores, sustained by the shape and surface features of the synthesized ceramic particles. Moreover, an enhanced wettability (contact angle in the ~70−21° range) and gradual mechanical takeover were indicated once the HA ratio increased, independent of the particles size, which confirmed the benefits and feasibility of evenly blending the natural ceramic/polymeric components. The results correlation led to the selection of optimal technological parameters for the synthesis of adequate composite filaments destined for future additive manufacturing and biomedical applications.

show abstract

Fabrication of 3D-printed bone scaffold of natural hydroxyapatite from fish bones in polylactic acid composite

Cited by 5 publications

References 24 publications

Selection Route of Precursor Materials in 3D Printing Composite Filament Development for Biomedical Applications

Selection Route of Precursor Materials in 3D Printing Composite Filament Development for Biomedical Applications

Biocompatible Composite Filaments Printable by Fused Deposition Modelling Technique: Selection of Tuning Parameters by Influence of Biogenic Hydroxyapatite and Graphene Nanoplatelets Ratios

Influence of Ceramic Particles Size and Ratio on Surface—Volume Features of the Naturally Derived HA-Reinforced Filaments for Biomedical Applications

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