Fabrication of a cerium-doped nickel ferrite solid-state reference electrode and its performance evaluation in concrete environment

Subbiah, Karthick; Lee, Han-Seung; Su, Lee Yun; Kumar, Singh Jitendra; Kwon, Seung-Jun; Rethinam, Natarajan

doi:10.1016/j.snb.2017.05.002

Cited by 29 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…), the pH of the reactional media, the heat treatment and the curing time [37,166]. Furthermore, the OIH gel network can be modified with a vast number of dopants [155,[167][168][169][170] leading to products with singular and extraordinary properties.…”

Section: Hybrid Sol-gel Coatings For Corrosion Mitigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid Sol–gel Coatings for Corrosion Mitigation: A Critical Review

Figueira

2020

Polymers

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The corrosion process is a major source of metallic material degradation, particularly in aggressive environments, such as marine ones. Corrosion progression affects the service life of a given metallic structure, which may end in structural failure, leakage, product loss and environmental pollution linked to large financial costs. According to NACE, the annual cost of corrosion worldwide was estimated, in 2016, to be around 3%-4% of the world's gross domestic product. Therefore, the use of methodologies for corrosion mitigation are extremely important. The approaches used can be passive or active. A passive approach is preventive and may be achieved by emplacing a barrier layer, such as a coating that hinders the contact of the metallic substrate with the aggressive environment. An active approach is generally employed when the corrosion is set in. That seeks to reduce the corrosion rate when the protective barrier is already damaged and the aggressive species (i.e., corrosive agents) are in contact with the metallic substrate. In this case, this is more a remediation methodology than a preventive action, such as the use of coatings. The sol-gel synthesis process, over the past few decades, gained remarkable importance in diverse areas of application. Sol-gel allows the combination of inorganic and organic materials in a single-phase and has led to the development of organic-inorganic hybrid (OIH) coatings for several applications, including for corrosion mitigation. This manuscript succinctly reviews the fundamentals of sol-gel concepts and the parameters that influence the processing techniques. The state-of-the-art of the OIH sol-gel coatings reported in the last few years for corrosion protection, are also assessed. Lastly, a brief perspective on the limitations, standing challenges and future perspectives of the field are critically discussed.Polymers 2020, 12, 689 The development of OIH sol-gel coatings, based on siloxanes, for corrosion mitigation, has been widely studied in the last few years [2,31,[36][37][38]. Numerous studies have been conducted since the early 1990s [39,40]. The studies performed showed that siloxanes were effective in mitigating the corrosion processes of different metallic substrates. This development was mainly due to the need for alternative environmentally friend materials and processes to replace the traditional chromium-based pre-treatments. Hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) is carcinogenic and shows high environmental toxicity and its use has been forbidden since 2006. However, Cr(VI) based pre-treatments improve the coating adherence to the substrate and are effective corrosion inhibitors [41][42][43] which make its replacement challenging. The use of the sol-gel method to produce OIH coatings for corrosion mitigation suits the main requirements of what should be an environmentally friendly process (i.e., excludes washing stages; it is a waste-free method) and allows one to obtain coatings with high purity and specific pore volumes and surface areas. Since it is a mild synthesis...

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Section: Hybrid Sol-gel Coatings For Corrosion Mitigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid Sol–gel Coatings for Corrosion Mitigation: A Critical Review

Figueira

2020

Polymers

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“…To locate REs close to the monitored steel rebar, a wide range of embeddable solid-state REs are employed. [13][14][15][16][17] However, these electrodes are not sufficiently stable in some circumstances. For example, the potentials of Ti rod, Ag wire, and graphite rod are sensitive to pH, Cl À , and oxygen contents, respectively.…”

Section: Corrosion State Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14,15 The alkaline slurry in the MnO 2 and NiFe 2 O 4 based electrodes tends to age in the long run and affect the measurement results. 14,16,17 The potential of GO/cement composite based electrode has a linear response with temperature. 12 Kelvin Probe (KP) can overcome the shortcomings of surface-mounted and embeddable REs, by measuring the OCP without contacting the external concrete surface.…”

Section: Corrosion State Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Techniques of corrosion monitoring of steel rebar in reinforced concrete structures: A review

Fan

Shi

2021

Structural Health Monitoring

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Reinforcement corrosion is a major culprit that undermines the service life of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. It costs billions of dollars each year in the US alone and negatively impacts safety, reliability, resilience, and environmental performance of RC infrastructure. Corrosion monitoring of steel rebar is critical to provide early warning of deficiency, enable timely and effective maintenance strategies, and prevent catastrophes associated with premature failure of RC structures. To improve corrosion monitoring in the engineering practice, this work comprehensively reviews the state of the art of five major types of techniques, that is, electrochemical sensors, optical fiber sensors, sensors based on elastic wave methods, sensing based on electromagnetic methods, and untouched sensors. Each type of technique is systematically divided into sub-categories based on the sensing principle and key characteristics. For each sensor type, its maturity, application range, and the problems that hinder its application are discussed, aimed to provide guidance in selecting the appropriate sensors for specific engineering applications. This work concludes with an overview of opportunities and challenges, including the following six aspects for future research: spatial resolution, sensitivity, and measurement range; reliability and interpretation of the measurement; sensor selection based on three corrosion stages of steel rebar; long-term stability and service life; cost-efficiency of the sensing system; and monitoring of existing structure.

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“…The NiFe 2 O 4 , a soft ferrite material, finds diverse applications to be used as gas sensors for good absorption, catalysts, ferrofluids, and recording media with high density [7,8]. Cobalt ferrite, CoFe 2 O 4 , exhibits high coercivity with high chemical stability and moderate magnetization due to semi-hard magnetic material, and therefore, it is useful for recording applications [9][10][11][12]. Thus the spinel ferrite is very useful application such as in microwave devices, high-density magnetic recording, and magnetic fluids [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Ce3+ substitution on the structural, morphological, dielectric, and impedance spectroscopic studies of Co–Ni ferrites for automotive applications

et al. 2019

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Cerium (Ce 3? )-substituted cobalt-nickel (Co-Ni) ferrite nanostructures of spinel cubic phase with space group Fd 3m had been successfully engineered by solution combustion route. The effect of Ce 3? substitution on the structural, morphological, dielectric, and impedance spectroscopic investigations are probed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and impedance analysis, respectively. Rietveld refinement of XRD data reveal that samples exhibit well-crystalline nature with single phase. The microstructural realm with various Ce 3? doping levels has been identified from SEM micrographs. The replacement of Fe 3? by Ce 3? cations has been confirmed by using energydispersive analysis of the ferrite samples. The dielectric constant (e 0 ), dielectric loss (tand), ac conductivity (r ac ), and impedance (Z 0 and Z 00 ) at room temperature is investigated as a function of frequency, respectively. The variation of dielectric properties e 0 , tand, r ac with frequency are explained by Maxwell-Wagner type of interfacial polarization and the hopping of charge between Fe 2? and Fe 3? as well as the dopant ions at B-sites. The decrease in dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent with frequency follows the phenomenon of Debye's relaxation. The enhancement in AC conductivity with frequency is proportional to Ce 3? concentration which follows Jonscher law. The complex impedance plots (Z 0 vs. Z 00 ) allows to determine the contribution for conductivity either from grain or grain boundary. Complex electric modulus plot (M 0 vs. M 00 ) provides the validation to the result drawn from the complex impedance plots. The results indicate the existence of non-Debye type of relaxation in these ferrites. Impedance spectroscopy allows the ferrite materials to estimate electrical properties which arise due to hopping and relaxation phenomena.

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Fabrication of a cerium-doped nickel ferrite solid-state reference electrode and its performance evaluation in concrete environment

Cited by 29 publications

References 62 publications

Hybrid Sol–gel Coatings for Corrosion Mitigation: A Critical Review

Hybrid Sol–gel Coatings for Corrosion Mitigation: A Critical Review

Techniques of corrosion monitoring of steel rebar in reinforced concrete structures: A review

Effect of Ce3+ substitution on the structural, morphological, dielectric, and impedance spectroscopic studies of Co–Ni ferrites for automotive applications

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