“…On basis of deposition techniques and drying processes, the technology to fabricate SF films has been well developed, including in-situ co-precipitation method (Mobika et al, 2020;Huang et al, 2022), plasma splashing procedure (Jiang et al, 2020) and matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (Miroiu et al, 2010). To achieve better functionalization, during film preparation, external components can be added, like HAP, silver (Ag) and other bioactive factors, which makes SF hybrid films multifunctional and thus further enhance osteogenesis, including better mechanical properties, angiogenesis, antiinflammation, antibacterial capacity and so on.…”
It remains a big challenge in clinical practice to repair large-sized bone defects and many factors limit the application of autografts and allografts, The application of exogenous scaffolds is an alternate strategy for bone regeneration, among which the silk fibroin (SF) scaffold is a promising candidate. Due to the advantages of excellent biocompatibility, satisfying mechanical property, controllable biodegradability and structural adjustability, SF scaffolds exhibit great potential in bone regeneration with the help of well-designed structures, bioactive components and functional surface modification. This review will summarize the cell and tissue interaction with SF scaffolds, techniques to fabricate SF-based scaffolds and modifications of SF scaffolds to enhance osteogenesis, which will provide a deep and comprehensive insight into SF scaffolds and inspire the design and fabrication of novel SF scaffolds for superior osteogenic performance. However, there still needs more comprehensive efforts to promote better clinical translation of SF scaffolds, including more experiments in big animal models and clinical trials. Furthermore, deeper investigations are also in demand to reveal the degradation and clearing mechanisms of SF scaffolds and evaluate the influence of degradation products.
“…On basis of deposition techniques and drying processes, the technology to fabricate SF films has been well developed, including in-situ co-precipitation method (Mobika et al, 2020;Huang et al, 2022), plasma splashing procedure (Jiang et al, 2020) and matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (Miroiu et al, 2010). To achieve better functionalization, during film preparation, external components can be added, like HAP, silver (Ag) and other bioactive factors, which makes SF hybrid films multifunctional and thus further enhance osteogenesis, including better mechanical properties, angiogenesis, antiinflammation, antibacterial capacity and so on.…”
It remains a big challenge in clinical practice to repair large-sized bone defects and many factors limit the application of autografts and allografts, The application of exogenous scaffolds is an alternate strategy for bone regeneration, among which the silk fibroin (SF) scaffold is a promising candidate. Due to the advantages of excellent biocompatibility, satisfying mechanical property, controllable biodegradability and structural adjustability, SF scaffolds exhibit great potential in bone regeneration with the help of well-designed structures, bioactive components and functional surface modification. This review will summarize the cell and tissue interaction with SF scaffolds, techniques to fabricate SF-based scaffolds and modifications of SF scaffolds to enhance osteogenesis, which will provide a deep and comprehensive insight into SF scaffolds and inspire the design and fabrication of novel SF scaffolds for superior osteogenic performance. However, there still needs more comprehensive efforts to promote better clinical translation of SF scaffolds, including more experiments in big animal models and clinical trials. Furthermore, deeper investigations are also in demand to reveal the degradation and clearing mechanisms of SF scaffolds and evaluate the influence of degradation products.
“…It is also possible for HA-coated substrates to gain compounds of calcium (bone-like minerals) on the scaffold as the calcium in the hydroxyapatite coating reacted with PBS ions and deposited new calcium compounds. 57,58 This shows potential stability of the substrates in biofluids for an extended period of time.Figure 14.Degradation rate (%) over time for bare and HA-coated substrates (PEEK mesh, cotton-PMMA fabric, and Cellulose 1 mat) after immersion in PBS at 37°C. Dashed lines were added for visualization purposes.…”
Polymeric biomaterials, such as polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and cellulose, have been explored as scaffolds for bone tissue engineering in the past decade. In this study, microstructure and mechanical behavior of uncoated and hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated polymeric meshes, fabrics, and mats were investigated. Commercially available monofilament PEEK meshes, and cellulose fabrics and mats were selected, then coated with a customized low temperature sol–gel method (≤ 150°C). Adhesive HA coating consisting of HA, β-TCP, and CaO with nanorod structure was derived. After HA coating, porosity of substrates (except filter-paper cellulose mats) decreased by up to 43%, indicating effective coating. Both uncoated and HA-coated substrates’ degradation rate in phosphate-buffered saline decreased after day 3. This is a result of ion precipitation or calcium compounds formation, indicating potential stability in biofluids for an extended period of time. Regarding tensile test results, highest tensile strength and elongation at break were obtained for PEEK meshes (approximately 80 MPa and 35%, respectively), as a result of the bulk material properties. HA coating did not significantly affect the tensile properties of the specimens, except for cellulose mats with an initial porosity of 77% (tensile modulus increased by 270% and strength by 210%). The increase in tensile properties could be attributed to increased rigidity, resulting from the adhesion between HA coating and cellulose fibers. Overall, HA-coated cellulose mats and PEEK meshes show promise as customizable, flexible scaffolds for implant applications and bone regeneration for future work.
“…This may be attributed to the higher content of acidic amino acids in the amorphous fraction of ASF, providing more nucleation sites and accelerating the mineralization process. 32 A study has reported that HA/SS composites can be obtained through simple precipitation in a stirred tank reactor. 100 The composites exhibit low crystallinity which is about 60%, similar to that of HA in organisms.…”
Section: Biominerals Induced By Silk Protein Templatesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The acidic amino acids present in silk proteins can serve as nucleation sites for HA, facilitating its formation. 32 The type of SF used can also affect HA mineralization, with ASF showing superior mineralization ability compared to SF. This may be attributed to the higher content of acidic amino acids in the amorphous fraction of ASF, providing more nucleation sites and accelerating the mineralization process.…”
Section: Biominerals Induced By Silk Protein Templatesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These hydrophilic and polar groups can tightly bind with positive and negative ions, inducing mineralization and crystallization of the crystal on the silk protein templates. 31 A considerable number of studies have reported the use of silk proteins as organic templates to induce biomineralization, resulting in the formation of SBBMs that find excellent applications in tissue engineering, 32 nanomedicine, 33 and biological imaging. 34 However, to date, no previous review article has systematically summarized the characteristics of SBBMs and their applications in the field of biomedicine.…”
Biomineralization refers to the process through which
minerals
nucleate in a structured manner to form specific crystal structures
by the regulating of biomacromolecules. Biomineralization occurs in
bones and teeth within the human body, where collagen acts as a template
for the nucleation of hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals. Similar to collagen,
silk proteins spun by silkworms can also serve as templates for the
nucleation and growth of inorganic substances at interfaces. By enabling
the binding of silk proteins to inorganic minerals, the process of
biomineralization enhances the properties of silk-based materials
and broadens their potential applications, rendering them highly promising
for use in biomedical applications. In recent years, the development
of biomineralized materials using silk proteins has garnered considerable
attention in the biomedical field. This comprehensive review outlines
the mechanism of biomineral formation mediated by silk proteins, as
well as various biomineralization methods used to prepare silk-based
biomineralized materials (SBBMs). Additionally, we discuss the physicochemical
properties and biological functions of SBBMs, and their potential
applications in various fields such as bioimaging, cancer therapy,
antibacterial treatments, tissue engineering, and drug delivery. In
conclusion, this review highlights the significant role that SBBMs
can play in the biomedical field.
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