Fabrication of biocompatible titanium scaffolds using space holder technique

Dezfuli, Sina Naddaf; Sadrnezhaad, S.K.; Shokrgozar, Mohammad Ali; Bonakdar, Shahin

doi:10.1007/s10856-012-4706-3

Cited by 35 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…A series of in vitro cell compatibility tests, such as those shown in Figure 3, showing bone cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation in the Ti-Nb-Zr alloy scaffold, confirmed the biocompatibility of the scaffold produced with the space holder method [45]. This finding was attributed to the ability of the space holder method to produce high-porosity scaffolds (up to 70%) with interconnected pores, considering the great importance of porosity for bone cell activities [32,46]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…The space holder method may also be called the fugitive filler method [27], considering the similarities in the principle of these two fabrication methods. A number of space holder materials have been utilized, such as carbamide (CO(NH 2 ) 2 ) [28–32], ammonium hydrogen carbonate (NH 4 HCO 3 ) [33,34], sodium chloride (NaCl) [35,36], starch [37,38], saccharose [39], polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) [40], magnesium (Mg) [41,42], steel [43] and paraformaldehyde [44]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fabrication of Metallic Biomedical Scaffolds with the Space Holder Method: A Review

2014

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Bone tissue engineering has been increasingly studied as an alternative approach to bone defect reconstruction. In this approach, new bone cells are stimulated to grow and heal the defect with the aid of a scaffold that serves as a medium for bone cell formation and growth. Scaffolds made of metallic materials have preferably been chosen for bone tissue engineering applications where load-bearing capacities are required, considering the superior mechanical properties possessed by this type of materials to those of polymeric and ceramic materials. The space holder method has been recognized as one of the viable methods for the fabrication of metallic biomedical scaffolds. In this method, temporary powder particles, namely space holder, are devised as a pore former for scaffolds. In general, the whole scaffold fabrication process with the space holder method can be divided into four main steps: (i) mixing of metal matrix powder and space-holding particles; (ii) compaction of granular materials; (iii) removal of space-holding particles; (iv) sintering of porous scaffold preform. In this review, detailed procedures in each of these steps are presented. Technical challenges encountered during scaffold fabrication with this specific method are addressed. In conclusion, strategies are yet to be developed to address problematic issues raised, such as powder segregation, pore inhomogeneity, distortion of pore sizes and shape, uncontrolled shrinkage and contamination.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of Metallic Biomedical Scaffolds with the Space Holder Method: A Review

2014

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“…Highly porous scaffolds were also obtained by the space holder method. While Dezfuli et al [14] observed excellent attachment and proliferation of human cells to scaffolds fabricated with urea, in the studies by Reig et al [15,16], of all the parameters influencing the mechanical properties of the porous samples developed, the amount and size of spacer particles, together with the compacting pressure, proved to be the most essential.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Porous Ti–6Al–4V Processed by Spherical Powder Sintering

et al. 2013

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Reducing the stiffness of titanium is an important issue to improve the behavior of this material when working together with bone, which can be achieved by generating a porous structure. The aim of this research was to analyze the porosity and mechanical behavior of Ti–6Al–4V porous samples developed by spherical powder sintering. Four different microsphere sizes were sintered at temperatures ranging from 1300 to 1400 °C for 2, 4 and 8 h. An open, interconnected porosity was obtained, with mean pore sizes ranging from 54.6 to 140 µm. The stiffness of the samples diminished by as much as 40% when compared to that of solid material and the mechanical properties were affected mainly by powder particles size. Bending strengths ranging from 48 to 320 MPa and compressive strengths from 51 to 255 MPa were obtained.

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“…Moreover, researchers have done much work to investigate the effects of macropore size on bone ingrowth into the scaffold. The results suggested that the macropore size ranging from 100 to 500 μm could be the optimal pore size for bony ingrowth [18,34,35]. Recently, some researchers reported that the micropores distributed on the wall of the macropores may have positive effects on new bone formation [36].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An improved polymeric sponge replication method for biomedical porous titanium scaffolds

Wang

Chen

Zhu

et al. 2017

Materials Science and Engineering: C

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Biomedical porous titanium (Ti) scaffolds were fabricated by an improved polymeric sponge replication method. The unique formulations and distinct processing techniques, i.e. a mixture of water and ethanol as solvent, multiple coatings with different viscosities of the Ti slurries and centrifugation for removing the extra slurries were used in the present study. The optimized porous Ti scaffolds had uniform porous structure and completely interconnected macropores (~365.1μm). In addition, two different sizes of micropores (~45.4 and ~6.2μm) were also formed in the skeleton of the scaffold. The addition of ethanol to the Ti slurry increased the compressive strength of the scaffold by improving the compactness of the skeleton. A compressive strength of 83.6±4.0MPa was achieved for a porous Ti scaffold with a porosity of 66.4±1.8%. Our cellular study also revealed that the scaffolds could support the growth and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).

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Fabrication of biocompatible titanium scaffolds using space holder technique

Cited by 35 publications

References 26 publications

Fabrication of Metallic Biomedical Scaffolds with the Space Holder Method: A Review

Fabrication of Metallic Biomedical Scaffolds with the Space Holder Method: A Review

Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Porous Ti–6Al–4V Processed by Spherical Powder Sintering

An improved polymeric sponge replication method for biomedical porous titanium scaffolds

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