Fabrication of Carboxymethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles to Deliver Paclitaxel for Melanoma Treatment

Abstract

In the present study, the effectiveness of paclitaxel nanocrystals (PTX NCs) encapsulated in carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) nanoparticles (CMCS−PTX NPs) as an anticancer drug is evaluated. The CMCS nanoparticles are produced via a cross‐junction microfluidic device where the PTX/CMCS concentration and flow rates in the device are optimized. The dynamic light scattering data show that the PTX NCs have a median diameter size of 230±90 nm, while the size of CMCS−PTX NPs is roughly 270±30 nm. The zeta‐potential result indicates less negative surface charge for the CMCS−PTX NPs as compared to the PTX NCs. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy micrographs, differential scanning calorimetry thermograms, and X‐ray diffraction patterns reveal that the physicochemical properties of the drug remain unaltered after perfusion through the microfluidic device. Cytotoxicity and cell endocytosis of PTX NCs and CMCS−PTX NPs are evaluated in vitro using G361 melanoma‐positive skin cells. The results reveal that the CMCS−PTX NPs increase the cellular uptake and cytotoxicity compared to the PTX NCs alone. In addition, the antitumor effect of CMCS−PTX NPs on B16 melanoma indicates the great potential of CMCS as a promising nano‐carrier for PTX NCs drug with potent inhibitory effect on the tumor growth.

Kinetics of Drug Release via Nicardipine Hydrochloride‐loaded Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Poly(D,L‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) Nanocarriers Using a Contemporary Emulsion Process

“…The results reveal that the fabricated nanocarriers had a particle size of ∼170 nm and ∼91 % drug encapsulation efficiency; conversely, the various nanocarrier synthesis components had little influence on the % yield. Due to their size, nanocarriers have a high surface area to volume ratio for interaction at the targeted site [1] . The characterization of the nanocarriers was optimally synthesized by FTIR spectroscopy.…”

“…Due to their size, nanocarriers have a high surface area to volume ratio for interaction at the targeted site. [1] The characterization of the nanocarriers was optimally synthesized by FTIR spectroscopy. Figure 6 shows that the differences FTIR spectra NCH, CMC, PLGA, and NCH-CMC/PLGA nanocarriers.…”

“…Nanocarriers are a novel nanometer-scale drug carrier in manufacturing and usually have a size between 1 nm and 1,000 nm, resulting in a high surface area to volume ratio for enhanced interaction with the targeted site. [1] Nanocarriers are similar to a rocket device that protects the extended shelf life of a drug, delivers a drug to the targeted site, and maintains therapeutic drug concentrations. [2] In recent years, significant advances have been achieved in the nanotechnology and nanomedicine fields in development and design of drug delivery systems.…”

Nanocarrier-Based Drug Delivery for Melanoma Therapeutics

“…A variety of antitumor drugs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), including DOX, ipilimumab, dabrafenib, trametinib, vemurafenib, and PTX, which have been shown to be effective against melanoma. However, the half-life of most drugs in physiological media is very short—only 1–5 h [ 99 ]. Meanwhile, it is often accompanied by severe side effects, such as allergic reactions, hypersensitivity, and severe pain.…”

Review of Bioprinting in Regenerative Medicine: Naturally Derived Bioinks and Stem Cells

“…Microfluidic bioprinting is a rapid, step-changing technique that takes full advantage of microfluidic chips to help manage fiber-forming, extrusion, and deposition, enabling cells and polymers to be accurately fabricated in 3D constructs. Microfluidic bioprinting systems have recently shown outstanding promise for creating complex models with full control and accuracy on bioink and cell line multideposition. − In addition, microfluidics provides a microenvironment with the additional benefit of scaling down the elements . However, this hybrid framework is in its infancy and needs further work to build decent bioinks and expand the overall relevant features.…”