Fabrication of chemically and<i>in situ</i>modified carbon paste electrodes for the potentiometric determination of chlorpromazine HCl in pure pharmaceutical preparations, urine and serum

Frag, Eman Yossri; Zayed, M.A.; Omar, M. M.; Elashery, Sally E.A.

doi:10.1039/c7nj02780j

Cited by 18 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The traditional carbon paste electrode included powder graphite, an ion exchanger, and a plasticizer. It should be noted that the mobility of the ionophore molecules and the dielectric constant of the paste phase are influenced by the type of plasticizer [130,131].…”

Section: Self-assembly Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in the synthesis of ZnO-based electrochemical sensors

Akhoondi,

Ahmad,

Nawaz Sharif

et al. 2023

Synth. Sinter.

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Until now, various composites based on zinc oxide (ZnO) have been investigated in electrochemical sensors. The physical and electrochemical properties of ZnO and its structure can improve the selectivity, sensitivity, and adaptability of nanocomposites. Therefore, the focus on the fabrication of cheap ZnO-based electrodes with affordable and easy transportability has increased. In addition, the electrochemical behavior is affected by the structure and morphology of the ZnO-based composite in detecting pollutants such as volatile organic compounds, heavy metals, and toxins. Furthermore, ZnO-based nanostructures are efficient in the fabrication of electrochemical sensors in the food industry, pharmaceutical analysis, and medical diagnostics. In this review, various techniques in the synthesis of ZnO-based electrodes and their effect on the particle size, shape, and morphology of compounds have been collected. Since the performance of chemical sensors has a direct relationship with the structure of the composite used in its electrode, it is necessary to discuss the new production methods, new concepts, strategies, and challenges. Additionally, new gains highlight recent developments and sensing of various analytes in the monitoring systems. These sensors have demonstrated a strong growth acceleration which could lead to the development of recent technologies. At last, an optimistic outlook is provided on the future of ZnO-based sensors and their challenges.

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Section: Self-assembly Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in the synthesis of ZnO-based electrochemical sensors

Akhoondi,

Ahmad,

Nawaz Sharif

et al. 2023

Synth. Sinter.

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show abstract

“…The traditional carbon paste electrode comprises powdered graphite, a plasticizer, and an ion exchanger. The type of plasticizer [77][78][79][80][81] affects the mobility of the ionophore molecule and the paste phase's dielectric constant. A considerable molecular weight, strong lipophilicity, low vapor pressure, little inclination to exude from the paste matrix, and high capability to dissolve the substrate and other paste additives are all desirable characteristics of a carbon paste plasticizer.…”

Section: The Performance Of the Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploiting ZnO nanoparticles as a modifier for carbon paste electrodes for determination of difloxacin HCl

Farhan,

Ismail,

Tamam

et al. 2023

J Solid State Electrochem

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Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are used to modify carbon paste electrodes for a fast, stable, and sensitive electrochemical determination of difloxacin HCl in pharmaceutical formulation and their photodegradation rate. The small particle size and large surface area of ZnONPs enhance the diffusion rates of the chosen target analyte to many accessible binding sites, increasing the range of the linear structure with a low detection limit and improving the stability and lifetime of the electrode. An initial optimization study included sixteen modified carbon paste electrodes to achieve optimal electrode composition in carbon paste composition, plasticizer type, and the amount of ZnO nanoparticles added as a modifier. We studied the performance parameter of two electrodes, one with ZnONPs (E11) and the other without (E5) to evaluate using ZnONPs as a modifier. The optimized electrode is electrode number eleven (E11), with a paste composition of 39% graphite powder, 39% dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as a plasticizer, 15% difloxacin HCl-sodium tetraphenylborate (DIF-TPB) ion-pair as an ion exchanger, and 7% zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) as a modifier, it maintained a Nernstian response over 4 months, with a slope of (57.0 ± 0.4) over the linearity concentration range 6.3 $$\times$$ × 10−6–10−2 M with a correlation coefficient (r2) ≥ 0.998 and detection limit 6.3 $$\times$$ × 10−6 M within pH range 2–5. The applications of the proposed electrodes are the determination of difloxcine HCl pharmaceuticals formulation and their photocatalytic degradation rate in water samples. The statistical comparison shows no significant difference in accuracy or precision between the reported and the proposed methods. Graphical Abstract

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“…Of particular concern is the impact on nursing mothers, prompting the World Health Organization to designate CPH as unsafe, resulting in its prohibition in various countries. [9][10][11][12][13] Previous analytical techniques for CPH determination, such as high-performance liquid chromatography, 14 gas chromatography, 15 chemiluminescence, 16 potentiometry, 17 capillary zone electrophoresis, 18 and polarography, 19 suffer from limitations including high costs, time-consuming procedures, reliance on skilled personnel, and cumbersome extraction processes. Consequently, a rapid and straightforward detection method is imperative.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An innovative experimental and mathematical approach in electrochemical sensing for mapping a drug sensor landscape

Madhavan,

Shobana,

Pandiaraja

et al. 2024

Nanoscale

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Fabrication of chemically andin situmodified carbon paste electrodes for the potentiometric determination of chlorpromazine HCl in pure pharmaceutical preparations, urine and serum

Abstract: Newly developed modified and in situ modified carbon paste sensors were developed for the determination of chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZHC) in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids (urine and serum).

Cited by 18 publications

References 44 publications

Recent advances in the synthesis of ZnO-based electrochemical sensors

Recent advances in the synthesis of ZnO-based electrochemical sensors

Exploiting ZnO nanoparticles as a modifier for carbon paste electrodes for determination of difloxacin HCl

An innovative experimental and mathematical approach in electrochemical sensing for mapping a drug sensor landscape

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