Fabrication of cotton textile waste-based magnetic activated carbon using FeCl<sub>3</sub> activation by the Box–Behnken design: optimization and characteristics

Xu, Zhaoyi; Zhang, Tianqi; Yuan, Zhihang; Zhang, Daofang; Sun, Zhenrong; Huang, Yuanxing; Chen, Weifang; Tian, Danqi; Deng, Haixuan; Zhou, Yuwei

doi:10.1039/c8ra06253f

Cited by 44 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(73 reference statements)

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“…Chen et al [60] reported a saturation magnetization value of 30.37 emu•g −1 with a coercivity force equal to 108.51 Oe and a remnant magnetization of 2.46 emu•g −1 (remnant-to-saturation magnetism ratio of 0.08). Xu et al [89] synthesized an activated carbon with 5.2 emu•g −1 and remanence and coercive forces equal to 0.30 emu•g −1 and 63.84 Oe, respectively, confirming the super paramagnetic character of this carbon. It is worth mentioning that these values of specific saturation magnetization are comparable to or higher than others previously reported in the literature for magnetic activated carbon prepared by different synthesis procedures [104][105][106][107].…”

Section: Magnetic Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 87%

Review on Activated Carbons by Chemical Activation with FeCl3

et al. 2020

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This study reviews the most relevant results on the synthesis, characterization, and applications of activated carbons obtained by novel chemical activation with FeCl3. The text includes a description of the activation mechanism, which compromises three different stages: (1) intense de-polymerization of the carbon precursor (up to 300 °C), (2) devolatilization and formation of the inner porosity (between 300 and 700 °C), and (3) dehydrogenation of the fixed carbon structure (>700 °C). Among the different synthesis conditions, the activation temperature, and, to a lesser extent, the impregnation ratio (i.e., mass ratio of FeCl3 to carbon precursor), are the most relevant parameters controlling the final properties of the resulting activated carbons. The characteristics of the carbons in terms of porosity, surface chemistry, and magnetic properties are analyzed in detail. These carbons showed a well-developed porous texture mainly in the micropore size range, an acidic surface with an abundance of oxygen surface groups, and a superparamagnetic character due to the presence of well-distributed iron species. These properties convert these carbons into promising candidates for different applications. They are widely analyzed as adsorbents in aqueous phase applications due to their porosity, surface acidity, and ease of separation. The presence of stable and well-distributed iron species on the carbons’ surface makes them promising catalysts for different applications. Finally, the presence of iron compounds has been shown to improve the graphitization degree and conductivity of the carbons; these are consequently being analyzed in energy storage applications.

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Section: Magnetic Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 87%

Review on Activated Carbons by Chemical Activation with FeCl3

et al. 2020

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“…Regarding the parameter n f of the Freundlich equation, generally, values higher than unity are indicative that significant adsorption takes place at low concentration values (favorable adsorption isotherms), since the increase in the adsorption capacity with aqueous concentration becomes less significant at a higher concentration (n f values lower than unity). Most of the obtained n f values were greater than unity, thus verifying good adsorption onto a heterogeneous carbon surface [46,47].…”

Section: Isotherm Adsorption Studiesmentioning

confidence: 63%

Application of Sludge-Based Activated Carbons for the Effective Adsorption of Neonicotinoid Pesticides

et al. 2021

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The amount of sludge produced in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has increased over the years, and the methods used to reduce this waste, such as incineration, agricultural use, or disposal in landfills, cause problems of secondary pollution. For this reason, it is necessary to find sustainable and low-cost solutions to manage this waste. Additionally, emerging and priority pollutants are attracting attention from the scientific community as they can generate health problems due to inadequate removal in conventional WWTPs. In this work, a pharmaceutical industry sludge was used as a precursor in the synthesis of four activated carbons (ACs) using different activating agents (ZnCl2, FeCl3∙6H2O, Fe(NO3)3∙9H2O, and Fe(SO4)3∙H2O), to be used for the removal by adsorption of three neonicotinoid pesticides included in latest EU Watch List (Decision 2018/840): acetamiprid (ACT), thiamethoxam (THM), and imidacloprid (IMD). The prepared ACs showed micro–mesoporous properties, obtaining relatively slow adsorption kinetics to reach equilibrium, but despite this, high values of adsorption capacity (qe) were obtained. For example, for AC-ZnCl2 (SBET = 558 m2/g), high adsorption capacities of qe = 128.9, 126.8, and 166.1 mg/g for ACT, THM, and IMD, respectively, were found. In most cases, the adsorption isotherms showed a multilayer profile, indicating an important contribution of the mesoporosity of the activated carbons in the adsorption process.

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“…There are several reactions of FeCl 3 in the pyrolysis process, and the general pore-generating mechanism of FeCl 3 can be described as the following reactions a−e. 35,36 In the initial pyrolysis lower than 500 °C, FeCl 3 is firstly converted to produce gas, which are beneficial to form various pores with different sizes. Finally, the Fe particles in the as-prepared samples can be removed by acid, thus acting as a template to give rise to many mesopores.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this work, FeCl 3 is not only used as a solvent, but also as a template and activator in the synthesizing process. There are several reactions of FeCl 3 in the pyrolysis process, and the general pore-generating mechanism of FeCl 3 can be described as the following reactions –. , In the initial pyrolysis lower than 500 °C, FeCl 3 is firstly converted to Fe 2 O 3 (formulas and ). Then, Fe 2 O 3 can easily react with the nearby carbon to form Fe 3 O 4 and Fe (formulas and ).…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using FeCl₃ as a Solvent, Template, and Activator To Prepare B, N Co-Doping Porous Carbon with Excellent Supercapacitance

Qiu

Chen

Zhuo

et al. 2019

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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B, N co-doped porous carbon is fabricated by using chitosan as a carbon precursor, boric acid as a boron source and porogen, and ferric chloride as a multifunctional reagent (i.e., solvent, template, and activator). This strategy results in large amounts of micropores and especially mesopores that are beneficial for electrolyte ions diffusion. The as-synthesized carbon has abundant micropores and mesopores, desirable pore distribution, partial graphite structure, and dual heteroatoms doping, and thus outstanding supercapacitance performances. In a three-electrode system, the B, N co-doped porous carbon shows a high specific capacitance of 393 F g −1 at 0.5 A g −1 . In a two-electrode system, the porous carbon exhibits a high capacitance of 205 F g −1 at 1.0 A g −1 , and its energy density is high up to 19.1 Wh kg −1 at a power density of 400 W kg −1 . Furthermore, the porous carbon exhibits excellent supercapacitance in ionic liquid electrolyte. In addition, the porous carbon possesses excellent cycling stability.

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Fabrication of cotton textile waste-based magnetic activated carbon using FeCl₃ activation by the Box–Behnken design: optimization and characteristics

Abstract: Cotton textile waste-based magnetic activated carbon was prepared via simultaneous activation-pyrolysis using FeCl3 as a novel activating agent.

Cited by 44 publications

References 57 publications

Review on Activated Carbons by Chemical Activation with FeCl3

Review on Activated Carbons by Chemical Activation with FeCl3

Application of Sludge-Based Activated Carbons for the Effective Adsorption of Neonicotinoid Pesticides

Using FeCl₃ as a Solvent, Template, and Activator To Prepare B, N Co-Doping Porous Carbon with Excellent Supercapacitance

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Fabrication of cotton textile waste-based magnetic activated carbon using FeCl3 activation by the Box–Behnken design: optimization and characteristics

Abstract: Cotton textile waste-based magnetic activated carbon was prepared via simultaneous activation-pyrolysis using FeCl3 as a novel activating agent.

Cited by 44 publications

References 57 publications

Review on Activated Carbons by Chemical Activation with FeCl3

Review on Activated Carbons by Chemical Activation with FeCl3

Application of Sludge-Based Activated Carbons for the Effective Adsorption of Neonicotinoid Pesticides

Using FeCl3 as a Solvent, Template, and Activator To Prepare B, N Co-Doping Porous Carbon with Excellent Supercapacitance

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Product

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Fabrication of cotton textile waste-based magnetic activated carbon using FeCl₃ activation by the Box–Behnken design: optimization and characteristics

Using FeCl₃ as a Solvent, Template, and Activator To Prepare B, N Co-Doping Porous Carbon with Excellent Supercapacitance