Fabrication of Electronically Conductive Protein‐Heme Nanowires for Power Harvesting

Abstract

Electronically conductive protein‐based materials can enable the creation of bioelectronic components and devices from sustainable and nontoxic materials, while also being well‐suited to interface with biological systems, such as living cells, for biosensor applications. However, as proteins are generally electrical insulators, the ability to render protein assemblies electroactive in a tailorable manner can usher in a plethora of useful materials. Here, an approach to fabricate electronically conductive protein nanowires is presented by aligning heme molecules in proximity along protein filaments, with these nanowires also possessing charge transfer abilities that enable energy harvesting from ambient humidity. The heme‐incorporated protein nanowires demonstrate electron transfer over micrometer distances, with conductive atomic force microscopy showing individual nanowires having comparable conductance to other previously characterized heme‐based bacterial nanowires. Exposure of multilayer nanowire films to humidity produces an electrical current, presumably through water molecules ionizing carboxyl groups in the filament and creating an unbalanced total charge distribution that is enhanced by the heme. Incorporation of heme and potentially other metal‐center porphyrin molecules into protein nanostructures could pave the way for structurally‐ and electrically‐defined protein‐based bioelectronic devices.