Hydrogels, as a new type of biomaterial
with unique physical and
chemical characteristics, have three-dimensional solid networks constructed
by hydrophilic polymer chains. The superior swell-ability, biocompatibility,
and functionalization have made them widely explored and applied in
the removal of heavy metals from water. Due to the potential threats
of heavy metals, most wastewater systems control industrial discharges
at a multiple (e.g., 100 times higher) of the maximum contaminated
levels of heavy metals in drinking water. Nevertheless, how to employ
the hydrogel adsorbent fabricated in the lab for expanded applications
in real wastewater treatment is still a critical challenge. In this
review, we scrutinize and emphasize the latest developments in the
synthesis and application of hydrogels in removing and recycling heavy
metals from water. In particular, the barriers restraining development
and scale-up applications are presented, accompanied by the corresponding
solutions raised by our point of view. A detailed review is started
from the typical synthesis of hydrogels. Afterward, the innovative
and representative strategies with computer-aided design for synthesizing
hydrogels with the desired capacities are discussed and evaluated.
Challenges in perfecting the hydrogels with outstanding properties
in improving the anti-interference capability, accelerating the adsorption
rate, broadening the operational pH range, enhancing the selectivity,
and minimizing the toxicity are clarified. In addition, the mechanical
strength, resource recovery, and reusability of the hydrogels as well
as reasonable mass transfer models for adsorber design are used in
engineering applications. We also shed light on further improving
the features of the expected hydrogels.