“…Compared to materials fabrication by self-assembly, which relies on simple equilibrium processes, nanoarchitectonics is advantageous in forming asymmetric and hierarchical structures [ 48 ] because it often incorporates several processes, including equilibrium and nonequilibrium ones. For example, various unit processes such as self-assembly [ 49 , 50 , 51 ], template syntheses [ 52 , 53 , 54 ] can be combined with thin films using methods such as the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method [ 55 , 56 , 57 ] or layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly [ 58 , 59 , 60 ]. Through molecular self-assembly together with template synthesis, synthesized nanomaterials can be immobilized on device surfaces as hierarchical thin films using these methods [ 61 , 62 ].…”