Fabrication of flexible polypyrrole/graphene oxide/manganese oxide supercapacitor

Abstract

SUMMARYA flexible polypyrrole/graphene oxide/manganese oxide-based supercapacitor was prepared via an electrodeposition process. The polypyrrole, graphene oxide, and manganese oxide were deposited onto a flexible and highly porous nickel foam, which acted as a current collector to enhance the electrochemical performances. The good coverage of the polypyrrole, graphene oxide, and manganese oxide onto the scaffold of the nickel foam was evidenced using field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The manganese species, which were present in the oxidation states of Mn 3+ and Mn 4+ , were shown using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The presence of Mn 2 O 3 and MnO 2 polymorphs was detected using Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopies. The cyclic stability of the ternary supercapacitor was consistent regardless of its geometry and curvature. In contrast, an activated carbon supercapacitor possesses limited energy storage capability compared to a ternary supercapacitor, which suppresses the electrochemical performances of activated carbon. The ternary as-fabricated supercapacitor could retain a specific capacitance of 96.58% after 1000 cycles, and the as-synthesized energy storage device was able to light up a light emitting diode.

Potential active materials for photo-supercapacitor: A review

“…In contrast, pseudocapacitive materials such as transition metal oxides and conducting polymers are alternative ways to improve the specific capacitance of an energy storage system upon their addition by storing an ample capacitance per gram as opposed to EDLC [18,82]. The high specific capacitance and energy density attainability of transition metal oxides such as RuO 2 , MnO 2 , Co 3 O 4 , and NiO embedded on a current collector can promote efficient redox reactions due to their ability to exist in various oxidation states [83].…”

“…The EDLC uses electrostatic separation at the electrode/electrolyte interface, whereas a pseudocapacitor performs faradaic reactions within the active material of the electrode [18,19]. An EDLC composed of carbon-based materials has excellent cyclic stability, fast kinetics, and high power density due to the rapid sorption and desorption of ions and enormous charge capacity, while a pseudocapacitor possesses rapid reversible redox reactions and a high energy density ascribed to a wider potential window [15,20] in sustaining the electroactivities of the storage device.…”

Three Kinds of Energy Storage Devices

“…In the past years, LIBs have dominated the portable electronic markets [11]. However, the power density of LIBs still needs to be further improved to fulfill the demand of the industrial battery products although they have the highest energy density [12,13].…”

“…They are seen to have a potential market both in hybrid electric vehicles and pure electric vehicles to improve regenerative braking (through fast charge capability) and deliver larger acceleration (through fast discharge capability) [11].…”

“…Nevertheless, further practical applications of these electroactive materials to pseudocapacitors are still limited by the low power density that arises from the poor electrical conductivity restricting fast electron transport, and by the lack of a pure cycling stability owing to the easily damaged structure of the materials during the redox process. Hence, to resolve these problems, carbon-based materials with high electrical conductivity and large SSA are usually used as the backbone materials to combine with these active materials for pseudo-capacitor electrodes [9][10][11][12].…”