Fabrication of high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator based on Ni₃C nanosheets to self-power thermal patch for pain relief

Abstract

In this work, we report a vertical contact-separation mode TENG comprising of Ni3C / PDMS composite and Nylon Nanofibers for self-powering a nichrome wire-based thermal patch for muscular/joint relaxation. An optimised composition of Ni3C (25 wt.%) and PDMS as a tribo-negative material and Nylon Nanofibers synthesised via electrospinning on copper electrode foil as a tribo-positive material were used to fabricate the TENG. The fabricated TENG exhibits outstanding output generating an average open circuit voltage of ~ 252 V, an average short circuit current of ~ 40.87 μA and a peak power of ~ 562.35 μW/cm2 at a matching resistance of 20 MΩ by manual tapping. Enhancement in contact area due to electrospun nylon and micro capacitive Ni3C flakes in dielectric PDMS contribute to the exceptional performance of the TENG. The optimised TENG is then connected to a full bridge rectifier with a 100 nF filtering capacitor to convert the AC voltage to a DC output with a peak voltage of ~ 5.4 V and a ripple voltage of ~ 1.04 V to recharge an ICR 18650 Li-ion battery, which functions as a medium to improve electrical energy flow to the heat patch. The electrical energy is converted into heat energy by a wounded nichrome wire placed inside the heat patch. The nichrome wire of length 3 cm with an appropriate number of windings was employed in the heat patch. An increment of 450F can be observed by switching the charged Li-ion battery-based circuit ON for just 30 seconds. The strategy of self-powering a heat patch using this TENG finds enormous applications in physiotherapy and sports to relieve muscle and joint pains.