“…In order to increase the energy densities needed for many practical applications, pseudo-capacitive materials with much higher capacitances than graphene have attracted great interest as potential substitutes for carbonaceous materials. The most widely explored pseudo-capacitor materials include transition metal oxides and hydroxides such as RuO 2 , [107][108][109][110] Fe 3 O 4 , 111,112 CuO, 113 NiO, [114][115][116] MnO 2 , [117][118][119][120][121][122] Co 3 O 4 , [123][124][125] and Ni(OH) 2 , 126,127 and conductive polymers such as polyaniline (PANi), 23,[128][129][130][131] polypyrrole (PPy), 29,75 and polythiophene (PT). [132][133][134][135] However, these materials often suffer from particle aggregation, poor electrical conductivities (especially for metal oxides), inherent rigidity and structural degradation, leading to low power density, poor cycling stability and marginal flexibility.…”