“…This diterpene triepoxide possesses antitumor, immune-suppressive, and anti-inflammatory activities which it exerts via several mechanisms in a tissue-, context-, and disease-specific manner ( Zhao et al, 2010a ; Zhao et al, 2010b ; Liu, 2011 ; Carter et al, 2012 ; Tamgue et al, 2013 ; Wu et al, 2013 ; Hou et al, 2017 ; Tamgue and Lei, 2017 ; Chen et al, 2018 ; Yang et al, 2018 ; Huang et al, 2019 ; Yuan et al, 2019 ; Zhao et al, 2019 ). Notably, triptolide exerts its cytotoxic activities through induction of DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy in several cell types ( Park and Kim, 2013 ; Zhang et al, 2016 ; You et al, 2018 ). Its anti-inflammatory activities result among other mechanisms from the downregulation of NF-kb– and AP-1–controlled pro-inflammatory molecules such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, and Ptgs-2 in several cell types, including macrophages and dendritic cells ( Chun and Surh, 2004 ; De Moraes et al, 2007 ; Liu et al, 2007 ; Lu et al, 2014 ; Wang et al, 2014 ; Chen et al, 2018 ).…”