Fabrication of photonic crystals for the visible spectrum by holographic lithography

Campbell, Margaret A.; Sharp, David N.; Harrison, Mike T.; Denning, R.G.; Turberfield, Andrew J.

doi:10.1038/35003523

Cited by 1,619 publications

(1,026 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In holographic lithography, the minimum number of beams required to form an n-dimensional lattice is n + 1, thus four beams were required to obtain the first 3D PhC with this technique. [85] The photoresist used in that study, and in most subsequent studies, was SU-8, a resist that has proven to be very useful due to its low intrinsic absorption and capability for forming sub-micrometer features. [86] There are two key reasons why holographic lithography has the potential to become a leading method for 3D PhC fabrication.…”

Section: Holographic Lithographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Introducing Defects in 3D Photonic Crystals: State of the Art

2006

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Public Reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comment regarding this burden estimates or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188,) Washington, DC 20503. AGENCY USE ONLY ( Leave Blank)2. REPORT DATE Advanced Materials, 18, 2665-2678 (2006). 3D photonic crystals (PhCs) and photonic bandgap (PBG) materials have attracted considerable scientific and technological interest. In order to provide functionality to PhCs, the introduction of controlled defects is necessary; the importance of defects in PhCs is comparable to that of dopants in semiconductors. Over the past few years, significant advances have been achieved through a diverse set of fabrication techniques. While for some routes to 3D PhCs, such as conventional lithography, the incorporation of defects is relatively straightforward; other methods, for example, selfassembly of colloidal crystals (CCs) or holography, require new external methods for defect incorporation. In this review, we will cover the state of the art in the design and fabrication of defects within 3D PhCs. The figure displays a fluorescence laser scanning confocal microscopy image of a y-splitter defect formed through two-photon polymerization within a CC. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 1416. PRICE CODE SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OR REPORT UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION ON THIS PAGE UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT UNCLASSIFIED LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT UL IntroductionPhotonic crystals (PhCs) are materials that possess spatial periodicity in their dielectric constant on the order of the wavelength (k) of light. These materials can strongly modulate light [1] and, with sufficient dielectric contrast and an appropriate geometry, may exhibit a photonic bandgap (PBG). This concept was first proposed in 1975 by Bykov [2] but remained relatively unknown until the seminal work of Yablonovitch [3] and John. [4] In a rough analogy to semiconductors, which possess an electronic bandgap, a PBG material prohibits the existence of photons with energies in the PBG. PhCs are naturally classified by the dimensionality of their periodicity, and in order to rigorously prevent the propagation of PBG frequencies in all directions, a 3D PhC with an omnidirectional, or complete PBG (cPBG) is required. cPBG materials have been fabricated and well characterized for operation at microwave and radio frequencies, however, operation in the visible and IR requires the characteristic length scales of these structures to be scaled down by several orders of magnitude...

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Section: Holographic Lithographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Introducing Defects in 3D Photonic Crystals: State of the Art

2006

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“…12 Among the many methods, [13][14][15][16] the water-droplet templating method, namely the breath figure method, is mostly used for the preparation periodic array porous films. 1,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23] During the preparation, a polymer solution is cast on a substrate under a humid atmosphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microsphere Pattern Prepared by a “Reverse” Breath Figure Method

Xiong

Zou

et al. 2009

Macromolecules

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We have reported an interesting method, named reverse breath figure, for the preparation of polymeric microsphere patterns. By the same procedure as breath figure, instead of under a humid atmosphere, linear and star-shaped poly(styrene-block-butadiene) copolymers dissolved in solvents such as toluene, trichloroform, and dichloromethane were cast onto the surface of a glass substrate in methanol or ethanol vapor. After the complete evaporation of the solvent, microspheres with the diameters ranging from hundreds of nanometers to several micrometers were prepared. The microsphere patterns are the reverse of the honeycomb porous structure of breath figure. The mechanism of the microsphere formation has been studied to show that when the surface tension of the polymer solution is 1.5 mN/m higher than that of the condensed liquid, microsphere patterns can be prepared, whereas a honeycomb porous film of breath figure can be obtained when the surface tension of the polymer solution is lower than that of the condensed liquid. The viscosity of the polymer solution is also an important factor to influence the fabrication of the microsphere patterns.

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“…In view of such applications, a combination of holographic and photolithographic processing may be used to create complex structures for micromechanical and photonic devices [2,48]. Here again, volume holography in photosensitive polymers is of high interest for practical applications, with respect to the high flexibility and optimization ability of subsequent devices [41].…”

Section: Biomedicinementioning

confidence: 99%

Volume Holography: Novel Materials, Methods and Applications

Sabel¹,

Lensen²

2017

Holographic Materials and Optical Systems

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This chapter aims to establish a link between material compositions, analytical methods and advanced applications for volume holography. It provides basics on volume holography, serving as a compendium on volume holographic grating formation, specific material requirements for volume holography and diffractive properties of the different types of volume holographic gratings. The particular significance of three-dimensional optical structuring for the final optical functionality is highlighted. In this context, the interrelation between function and structure of volume holograms is investigated with view to research on and development of novel materials, methods and applications. Particular emphasis will be placed on analytical methods, assuming that they provide access for a deeper understanding of volume holographic grating formation, which appears to be prerequisite for the design of novel material systems for advanced applications.

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Fabrication of photonic crystals for the visible spectrum by holographic lithography

Cited by 1,619 publications

References 31 publications

Introducing Defects in 3D Photonic Crystals: State of the Art

Introducing Defects in 3D Photonic Crystals: State of the Art

Microsphere Pattern Prepared by a “Reverse” Breath Figure Method

Volume Holography: Novel Materials, Methods and Applications

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