“…As discussed above, one of the most challenging applications of ILs is their usage in microextraction techniques as extractants, intermediate solvents, mediators, and desorption solvents. Table 2 summarizes the superior properties and characteristics of ILs in comparison with the common sorbent materials that are used in the miniaturized sample preparation techniques described in the present review [ 4 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. As the IL-based microextraction techniques are budding gradually, some limitations should be noted, such as the high cost of their synthesis, their incompatibility with GC due to their low volatility and their potential toxicity.…”