“…Currently, many different types of batteries based on various mobile ions are known, for example, H + [1], Li + [2,3], Na + [4], K + [5], Ag + [6], Cu + [7], NH 4 + [8], Mg 2+ [9], Ca 2+ [10], Zn 2+ [11], F − [12], Cl − [13], etc. Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are the most common due to their unique balance of properties-such as their capacity, current characteristics, availability, and charge safety.…”