Fabrication of three dimensional bioactive Sr²⁺substituted apatite scaffolds by gel‐casting technique for hard tissue regeneration

Abstract

This study aimed to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) bioactive Sr 2+ -substituted apatite (Sr-HAP) scaffolds prepared by gel-casting with polymer sponge infiltration technique. 3D Sr-HAP scaffolds were prepared as engineering constructs with interconnected porous structure with a pore size of 200-600 μm ranging from a 10 � 10 � 6 mm size was designed. The characterization of X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersion spectroscopy was utilized in order to evaluate the crystalline phase, structure, and morphology in the interconnected porous of the synthesized Sr-HAP scaffold. The bioactive and biocompatible of the resultant Sr-HAP scaffolds were analyzed by using simulated body fluid solution. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity and proliferation of MG-63 cell lines on the scaffolds were examined in 24 h culture. Furthermore, in vivo experiments demonstrated that the tibia bone defect with 4 mm diameter in rabbits was successfully healed by Sr-HAP porous scaffold after 45 days implantation. The histological images indicated the improved cell proliferation and new bone formation occurred in the porous scaffold treated group. The results indicated that the fabricated Sr-HAP scaffold is a promising capacity to infuse bone regeneration and promote in vivo tissue repair.

Recent Advance of Strontium Functionalized in Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration

“…The number of BMSCs, the expression of osteoblast marker genes, cell migration, and the area of mineralized nodules increased in Sr-CSH/HA. Ramadas et al [ 58 ] prepared a Sr-substituted HA scaffold (Sr-HAP). In vivo tests showed that Sr-HAP successfully healed a 4 mm shin bone defect in rabbits after implantation in 45 days, and histological images showed it improved cell proliferation and new bone formation in the porous scaffold-treated group.…”

Calcium Orthophosphate (CaPO4)-Based Bioceramics: Preparation, Properties, and Applications

“…Since CaPO 4 are either thermally unstable (MCPM, MCPA, DCPA, DCPD, OCP, ACP, CDHA) or have a melting point at temperatures exceeding ~1400 • C with a partial decomposition (α-TCP, β-TCP, HA, FA, TTCP), only the first and the second consolidation approaches are used to prepare bulk bioceramics and scaffolds. The methods include uniaxial compaction [154,183,184], isostatic pressing (cold or hot) [87, [185][186][187][188][189][190][191], granulation [192][193][194][195][196][197][198], loose packing [199], slip casting [75,[200][201][202][203][204][205], gel casting [163,[206][207][208][209][210][211], pressure mold forming [212][213][214], injection molding [215][216][217][218], polymer replication [219][220][221][222][223][224]...…”

Fabrication and biological evaluation of three-dimensional (3D) Mg substituted bi-phasic calcium phosphate porous scaffolds for hard tissue engineering

“…15 The main inorganic component of bone is not a chemically homogeneous substance as it also contains trace amounts of biologically relevant elements such as magnesium (Mg), strontium (Sr), zinc (Zn) and silicon (Si) that are crucial for bone growth, development and repair. 16–19 The incorporation of these elements in bone graft substitute materials is expected to bring biological benefits for the engineered scaffolds. The replacement of calcium (Ca) by magnesium (Mg) in the apatite (HAP) lattice is likely to occur within a narrow molar composition range (up to around 10%).…”