Fabrication of triboelectric nanogenerators with multiple strain mechanisms for high-accuracy material and gesture recognition

Abstract

Textile-based Triboelectric Nanogenerator (T-TENG) establishes great potential in new-generation tactile sensor because the output signal is determined by the specific charge interaction between target and triboelectric material. However, gesture recognition...

Electroless Copper Plating on a Cotton Surface: Effect of Metal Ion Ligand Stability Constant on Reduction Deposition

“…XPS was used to investigate the electronic structures of copper particles with different ligands, as displayed in Figure 3c. The peaks at 931, 284, 396, and 531.2 eV in the XPS patterns are characteristic peaks of Cu 2p, C 1s, N 1s, and O 1s, 20,22 respectively. More importantly, in the XPS characteristic peaks of the copper−potassium sodium tartrate ligand, a Cu 2p peak with the lowest position appears, while a peak with the highest position appears in the copper-thiourea ligand, indicating that the copper−potassium sodium tartrate ligand is less stable than the copper-thiourea ligand, as illustrated in Figure 3d.…”

“…The construction of catalytic sites (i.e., Ag, Pd, Ni, and Au) on the substrate surface is the key to successful electroless plating. Polar groups (i.e., -NH 2 , -SH, and -OH groups) were predicted to serve as bridges for ion-exchange-mediated chemisorption 20,22,23 This allows a strong force to be established between the active group and the metal ion, manifested as a coordination bond (Ag−O). More importantly, such coordination bonds can also be established between the copper and oxygen particles.…”

“…The outermost electrons of O and Ag + exhibit 2s 2 2p 4 and 4d 10 hybrid orbitals (Figure c II and III), respectively. According to hybrid orbital theory, sp 3 hybrids have lone pairs of electrons, and more importantly, due to ionic coordination behavior, lone pairs of electrons in O hybrid orbitals tend to occupy Ag + (sp hybridization, as displayed in Figure c II). ,, This allows a strong force to be established between the active group and the metal ion, manifested as a coordination bond (Ag–O). More importantly, such coordination bonds can also be established between the copper and oxygen particles.…”

“…Traditional electroless copper plating with formaldehyde as a reducing agent is gradually replaced by sodium hypophosphite as a reducing agent . However, since copper has no catalytic effect on the oxidation of sodium hypophosphite, it is necessary to add nickel ions or diamond ions as catalysts. − At present, sodium hypophosphite electroless copper plating systems mostly use trisodium citrate as the coordination agent, and the copper film deposited in this system is dark red, presenting high nickel, phosphorus content, and high resistivity, which is not good for practical applications . This is because sodium citrate is used as the complexing agent in the plating bath, and the stability constant of the citrate-Cu(II) complex is much higher than that of the citrate-Ni(II) stability constant (14.2/5.4), making Ni(II) more easily deposited, resulting in higher Ni and P contents at the beginning of deposition, which not only affects the conductivity of the coating but also affects the conductivity of the coating.…”

Synergizing Machine Learning Algorithm with Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Advanced Self-Powered Sensing Systems

“…In addition, special attention should be paid to the influence of humidity on the signals. The suitable ML algorithm could be selected to classify and process the data for different TENG intelligent sensing systems, such as tactile sensing [ 55 ], gesture sensing [ 56 ], electronic tongue [ 57 ], etc. It is of great significance for the development of HMI [ 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ], human health monitoring [ 62 , 63 , 64 ], intelligent sports [ 65 , 66 ], and many other fields.…”