“…In contrast, the LIGA process using synchrotron x-rays with short wavelength, high resolution, high intensity and high energy can effectively improve the efficiency of lithography and the accuracy of the exposure pattern, while enabling large-scale replication effects [13,30,31]. In recent years, x-ray related gratings have attracted a great deal of attention [6,15,32]. Shukla et al [33] designed, analyzed, and fabricated an electrostatic comb polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microdriver with variable aspect ratio up to 500 μm using x-ray lithography.…”