Façade Retrofit Strategies for Energy Efficiency Improvement Considering the Hot Climatic Conditions of Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Saudi Arabia faces significant challenges in managing the rising energy consumption in buildings driven largely by its hot climatic conditions. As a result, retrofitting building facades to enhance energy efficiency has become a critical strategy. This study assesses the effectiveness of various façade retrofit strategies in reducing cooling electricity consumption using a real-time case study in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. The strategies explored include external wall upgrades, window replacements, and installation of shading devices. Each strategy was evaluated individually, considering the reduction in heat gains, cooling load, and payback period as key performance indicators. To further maximize energy efficiency, these strategies were also analyzed in combination using the genetic algorithm optimization method, yielding 224 possible facade configurations. The optimal solution included the use of an External Thermal Insulation Composite System (ETCIS) in walls, louvers in windows, and low-emissivity coating with Argon gas-filled glazing, achieving a cooling energy reduction of approximately 16% and a payback period of 14.8 years. This study provides several recommendations for improving the efficiency of retrofitting building façades in hot climatic conditions.