Face identification in the laboratory and in virtual worlds.

Bindemann, Markus; Fysh, Matthew C.; Trifonova, Iliyana V.; Allen, J. A.; McCall, Cade; Burton, A. Mike

doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2021.07.010

Cited by 5 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The mixture of within-person variability and between-person similarity is likely to depend on the stimuli at hand. In face-matching tests such as the GFMT and KFMT, for example, the different similarity profiles for matches and mismatches might arise in part because of how mismatches are constructed for face-matching research, by pairing two different identities that could conceivably be the same person (e.g., Bindemann et al, 2021 ; Burton et al, 2010 ; Fysh & Bindemann, 2018 ). This approach approximates the challenges that are associated with matching faces in real-world settings such as passport control, in which impersonation attempts can be rather compelling, but it also means that mismatched stimuli are specifically designed to be mistaken for identity matches.…”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding face matching

Fysh

Bindemann

2022

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Many security settings rely on the identity matching of unfamiliar people, which has led this task to be studied extensively in Cognitive Psychology. In these experiments, observers typically decide whether pairs of faces depict one person (an identity match) or two different people (an identity mismatch). The visual similarity of the to-be-compared faces must play a primary role in how observers accurately resolve this task, but the nature of this similarity-accuracy relationship is unclear. The current study investigated the association between accuracy and facial similarity at the level of individual items (Experiment 1 and 2) and facial features (Experiment 3 and 4). All experiments demonstrate a strong link between similarity and matching accuracy, indicating that this forms the basis of identification decisions. At a feature level, however, similarity exhibited distinct relationships with match and mismatch accuracy. In matches, similarity information was generally shared across the features of a face pair under comparison, with greater similarity linked to higher accuracy. Conversely, features within mismatching face pairs exhibited greater variation in similarity information. This indicates that identity matches and mismatches are characterised by different similarity profiles, which present distinct challenges to the cognitive system. We propose that these identification decisions can be resolved through the accumulation of convergent featural information in matches and the evaluation of divergent featural information in mismatches.

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Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding face matching

Fysh

Bindemann

2022

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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“…These avatars preserve the identity of the faces well. Viewers familiar with the people recognize their avatars accurately, and unfamiliar viewers show similar performance to standard photo-to-photo matching tasks (Bindemann et al, 2022;Fysh et al, 2022). So, while identity is preserved in the virtual environment (by comparison to photos) the question we ask here is whether the perceived social attributes of these people are also preserved.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These were created by attaching a 3D scan of a person’s head onto a standard body mesh (see Fysh et al, 2022, for details). Avatars were displayed in an airport context, as shown in Figure 3 (see Bindemann et al, 2022, for details)…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experiment 1 and the other experiments in this article used a UK-based sample. We made this choice because our stimulus set TRIFONOVA, MCCALL, FYSH, BINDEMANN, AND BURTON was created using images from a UK-based sample (Fysh et al, 2022) and prior work using it demonstrates that patterns in real-world face perception (i.e., face recognition) are preserved within perceivers from the same population (Bindemann et al, 2022). Nevertheless, our use of only a UK-based sample may constrain the generality of our findings (Simons et al, 2017).…”

Section: Constraints On Generalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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First impressions from faces in dynamic approach–avoidance contexts.

Trifonova,

McCall,

Fysh

et al. 2024

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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Theoretical understanding of first impressions from faces has been closely associated with the proposal that rapid approach-avoidance decisions are needed during social interactions. Nevertheless, experimental work has rarely examined first impressions of people who are actually moving-instead extrapolating from photographic images.In six experiments, we describe the relationship between social attributions (dominance and trustworthiness) and the motion and apparent intent of a perceived person. We first show strong correspondence between judgments of photos and avatars of the same people (Experiment 1). Avatars were rated as more dominant and trustworthy when walking toward the viewer than when stationary (Experiment 2). Furthermore, avatars approaching the viewer were rated as more dominant than those avoiding (walking past) the viewer, or remaining stationary (Experiment 3). Trustworthiness was increased by movement, but not affected by approaching/avoiding paths. Surprisingly, dominance ratings increased both when avatars were approaching and being approached (Experiments 4-6), independently of agency. However, diverging movement (moving backward) reduced dominance ratings-again independently of agency (Experiment 6). These results demonstrate the close link between dominance judgments and approach and show the updatable nature of first impressions-their formation depended on the immediate dynamic context in a more subtle manner than previously suggested. Public Significance StatementPrior research demonstrates that we form first impressions from brief exposures to faces and that these impressions can influence our subsequent behavior in meaningful ways. However, the preponderance of evidence on this topic comes from studies using static photographs. Here we use animated avatars to investigate the effects of movement on first impressions. We find that movement alone increases impressions of trustworthiness while specifically approach-related movement increases impressions of dominance. Together these data demonstrate that theories of first impressions should accommodate for their dynamic and flexible nature, even within the first seconds of exposure.

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“…This knowledge gap has increased interest in methods that allow studies of person perception and social attention in immersive environments. One approach has been to use virtual reality, with faces rendered on animated bodies in virtual worlds [22][23][24] . Another has been to study social attention in "the wild" by studying the eyemovements of participants wearing eye-tracking devices that monitor their fixations as they navigate realworld ambient environments (for recent reviews see 10,25,26 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Looking at faces in the wild

Varela

Towler

Kemp

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Faces are key to everyday social interactions, but our understanding of social attention is based on experiments that present images of faces on computer screens. Advances in wearable eye-tracking devices now enable studies in unconstrained natural settings but this approach has been limited by manual coding of fixations. Here we introduce an automatic ‘dynamic region of interest’ approach that registers eye-fixations to bodies and faces seen while a participant moves through the environment. We show that just 14% of fixations are to faces of passersby, contrasting with prior screen-based studies that suggest faces automatically capture visual attention. We also demonstrate the potential for this new tool to help understand differences in individuals’ social attention, and the content of their perceptual exposure to other people. Together, this can form the basis of a new paradigm for studying social attention ‘in the wild’ that opens new avenues for theoretical, applied and clinical research.

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Face identification in the laboratory and in virtual worlds.

Cited by 5 publications

References 39 publications

Understanding face matching

Understanding face matching

First impressions from faces in dynamic approach–avoidance contexts.

Looking at faces in the wild

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