Face to face: visual scanpath evidence for abnormal processing of facial expressions in social phobia

Horley, Kaye; Williams, Leanne M.; Gonsalvez, Craig J.; Gordon, Evian

doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.02.016

Cited by 269 publications

(249 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Otherwise, other gaze could -of fearful expressions, or could be even reassuring, as in the case of averted gaze combined with happy and neutral expressions. The present data strictly fit evidence on social phobia (Horley et al 2004;Moukheiber et al 2010;Stein et al 2002) and are consistent with the self-relevance may represent a powerful signal of danger for introverts individuals, they would (likely implicitly) try to avoid interaction with eye gaze in the attempt to reduce threatrelated overarousal, but only when gaze is combined with angry expressions. On the contrary, introverts are encouraged in eye contact expressions.…”

supporting

confidence: 89%

“…Provided that introversion is related to high levels of arousal to social signals (Eysenck 1967), and consistent with evidence on social phobia (Horley et al 2004;Moukheiber et al 2010;Stein et al 2002), we expected that introverts would not show the gaze congruency effect in presence of threatening, and in particular angry, facial stimuli relative to non-threatening (happy and neutral) expressions. Importantly, since previous research showed that the gaze-cueing effect with emotional expressions can interact with trait anxiety (Frischen et al 2007;Fox et al 2007;Mathews et al 2003), in the present experiment we also assessed self-reported levels of trait anxiety to explore the possible relationships between anxiety and intro-/extraversion in modulation of the gaze-cueing effect.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…Similarly to autistic children, social phobics show increased amygdala activation when viewing angry faces (Stein et al 2002). In particular, individuals with social phobia show overarousal when processing threat-related emotional faces, as demonstrated by both hyperscanning of face stimuli (hypervigilance) and reduced eye fixation (eyes avoidance) (Horley et al 2004;Moukheiber et al 2010), but as far as we know this clinical population has not been investigated on the emotional gaze-cueing paradigm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some authors have shown that introversion is a major component of social phobia (Janowsky et al 2000). On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that overarousal elicited by social stimuli is shared by introverts (Eysenck 1967) and social phobics (Horley et al 2004;Moukheiber et al 2010). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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“Avoiding or approaching eyes”? Introversion/extraversion affects the gaze-cueing effect

et al. 2013

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We investigated whether the extra-/introversion personality dimension can influence processing eye gaze direction and emotional facial expression during a target detection task. On the basis of previous evidence showing that self-reported trait anxiety can affect gaze-cueing with emotional faces, we also verified whether trait anxiety can modulate the influence of intro-/extraversion on behavioral performance. Fearful, happy, angry or neutral faces, with either direct or averted gaze, were presented before the target appeared in spatial locations congruent or incongruent with eye gaze direction. Results showed a significant influence of intra-/extraversion dimension on gaze-cueing effect for angry, happy and neutral faces with averted gaze.Introverts did not show the gaze congruency effect when viewing angry expressions, but did so with happy and neutral faces; extraverts showed the opposite pattern. Importantly, the influence of introextraversion on gaze-cueing was not mediated by trait anxiety. These findings demonstrated that personality differences can shape processing of interactions between relevant social signals.

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supporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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“Avoiding or approaching eyes”? Introversion/extraversion affects the gaze-cueing effect

et al. 2013

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“…Few eye tracking studies have been conducted to assess the hypothesis that anxiety is characterized by hypervigilance, where individuals either excessively scan the visual environment for threat with numerous eye movements or maintain a broad focus of attention by executing few eye movements (Freeman, Garety, & Phillips, 2000;Horley, Williams, Gonsalvez, & Gordon, 2004). Horley et al (2004) found evidence of excessive scanning in individuals with social phobia in a free-viewing task, where participants were presented with a picture of a neutral, sad, angry or happy face for 10,000 ms.…”

Section: Hypervigilance: Attentional Broadening and Excessive Scanningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the function of selective attention and hypervigilance for threat in anxiety

Richards

Benson

Donnelly

et al. 2014

Clinical Psychology Review

168

111

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Neural Response to Self- and Other Referential Praise and Criticism in Generalized Social Phobia

Blair

Geraci

DeVido

et al. 2008

Arch Gen Psychiatry

146

126

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Context Generalized social phobia (GSP) is characterized by fear/avoidance of social situations. Previous studies have examined the neural responses in GSP to one class of social stimuli, facial expressions. However, studies have not examined the neural response in GSP to another equally important class of social stimuli, the communication of praise or criticism. Objective To examine the neural response to receipt of praise or criticism in GSP; specifically, to determine whether patients with GSP show an increased response to the receipt of both praise and criticism and whether self-relevance modulates this relationship. Design Case-control study. Setting Government clinical research institute. Participants Unmedicated individuals with GSP (n=17) and age-, IQ-, and sex-matched healthy comparison individuals (n=17). Main Outcome Measure Blood oxygenation level–dependent signal, as measured via functional magnetic resonance imaging. During functional magnetic resonance imaging scans, individuals read positive (eg, You are beautiful), negative (eg, You are ugly), and neutral (eg, You are human) comments that could be either about the self or about somebody else (eg, He is beautiful). Results Hypothesized significant group×valence×referent interactions were observed within regions of the medial prefrontal cortex and bilateral amygdala. In these regions, the patients with GSP showed significantly increased blood oxygenation level–dependent responses, relative to comparison individuals, to negative comments (criticism) referring to themselves. However, in contrast, there were no significant group differences with respect to negative comments referring to others or neutral or positive comments referring to self or others. Conclusions These results implicate the medial prefrontal cortex, involved in the representation of the self, together with the amygdala, in the pathophysiology of GSP. Further, findings demonstrate a meaningful effect of psychological context on neural-circuitry hyperactivity in GSP.

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Face to face: visual scanpath evidence for abnormal processing of facial expressions in social phobia

Cited by 269 publications

References 42 publications

“Avoiding or approaching eyes”? Introversion/extraversion affects the gaze-cueing effect

“Avoiding or approaching eyes”? Introversion/extraversion affects the gaze-cueing effect

Exploring the function of selective attention and hypervigilance for threat in anxiety

Neural Response to Self- and Other Referential Praise and Criticism in Generalized Social Phobia

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