Face validity vs. item subtlety in the MMPI D scale

Burgess, Philip; Campbell, Ian; Zylberberg, Alex

doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198403)40:2<499::aid-jclp2270400219>3.0.co;2-y

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The obvious scales are most susceptible to deliberate distortion and the subtle scales the least. With regard to the subtle scales, even though they may appear to resist the influence of response sets, their utility should be questioned because of their very weak criterion validity demonstrated in earlier studies (Burgess, Campbell, & Zylberberg, 1984;Burkhart, Gynther, & Fromuth, 1980;Gynther, Burkhart, & Hovanitz, 1979;Hovanitz & Gynther, 1980;Hovanitz, Gynther, & Marks, 1983;Wilson, 1980). Without criterion validity (i.e., they do not predict criterion behavior), the interpretation of subtle scores is problematic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The utility of MMPI subtle, obvious scales for detecting fake good and fake bad response sets

1989

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The MMPI was administered twice to 40 graduate students to determine the utility of the Weiner subtle and obvious scales (D, HY, PD, PA, MA) for estimating how fake good and fake bad response sets might influence full scale scores. The first time, the MMPI was administered under standard conditions. Subjects then were divided randomly into two groups: fake good (complete MMPI for job application) and fake bad (qualify for psychotherapy). There were significant multivariate test effects (standard vs. response set) for the raw scores of all five obvious, subtle, and full scales. However, when raw scores were converted to T scores to ascertain practical significance, the obvious scales appeared to provide the most useful information to enhance the interpretation of full scale scores in normal populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The utility of MMPI subtle, obvious scales for detecting fake good and fake bad response sets

1989

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“…There have been a number of attempts to divide the items into subsets on the basis of face validity. Items that are more obvious indicators have been shown to be more highly correlated with a variety of criterion measures than the more subtle items (Burgess, Campbell, & Zylerberg, 1984; Burkhart, Gynther, & Fromuth, 1980). The OBD Scale (Weiner, 1948) was chosen as the face-valid MMPI Depression scale for this study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A longitudinal study of gender differences in depressive symptoms from age 50 to 80.

Barefoot¹,

Mortensen²,

Helms³

et al. 2001

Psychology and Aging

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The Obvious Depression Scale was administered to 739 community residents at ages 50, 60, and 80 years, with 151 present at all waves. Although selective attrition influenced the level of depressive symptoms in cross-sectional vs. longitudinal samples, both sets of analyses revealed higher scores in women than in men at ages 50 and 60, but not at age 80. Men showed increases in depressive symptoms from age 60 to 80, but women did not (interaction p < .002). This interaction was not present in somatic symptoms, which increased across time in both genders. Potential explanations include differential changes in social roles with aging.

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“…18 The 40-item Obvious Depression subscale (OBD) is a more 19 and to correlate more highly with other depression criteria. 20 It was therefore chosen as the measure for the present study to increase the relevance of the ®ndings for nonpsychiatric populations.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symptoms of depression and changes in body weight from adolescence to mid-life

Heitmann

Helms

et al. 1998

Int J Obes

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship of symptoms of depression to weight changes in healthy individuals of normal weight across a follow-up of over 20 y. PARTICIPANTS AND DESIGN: College students (3885 men and 841 women) were administered a self-report depression measure in the mid-1960s. Their baseline body mass index (BMI) was calculated from their college medical records. Participants were contacted by mail in the late 1980s and asked to report their current height and weight as well as their smoking and exercise habits. Another measure of depressive symptoms was obtained from 3560 individuals at follow-up. Multiple regression models were used to relate changes in weight to depression scores while controlling for background (gender, baseline BMI and the gender by BMI interaction) and behavioral (exercise and smoking) predictors. RESULTS: The relationship between depressive symptoms and body weight change took the form of an interaction with baseline BMI (P`0.001). Those with high baseline depression scores gained less weight than their nondepressed counterparts if they were initially lean, but more if they were initially heavy. This trend was especially strong in those with high depression scores at both baseline and follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The ®ndings support the hypothesis that depression exaggerates pre-existing weight change tendencies. This pattern would not have been detected by an examination of main effects alone, illustrating the need to move toward more complicated interactive models in the study of psychological factors and weight. Keywords: depression; longitudinal studies; body weight IntroductionSymptoms of depression have a number of physiological and behavioral concomitants, including altered neuroendocrine functioning, 1 smoking, 2 alcohol consumption 3 and physical inactivity. 4 A number of studies have examined the associations of depression and other forms of psychological distress with body weight, but their results do not present a consistent or clear picture. Some of these investigations have examined the prevalence of clinical depression and other psychopathologies in obese individuals and have found little evidence to suggest that they have unusually high rates of these disorders. 5 Studies that have investigated associations of milder forms of psychological distress to body mass have had mixed results (for example, see Refs 6±10). Some of the inconsistencies may be the result of the use of crosssectional designs that create interpretive ambiguities, because it is plausible that psychological distress could be a consequence of being overweight, 6 as well as a precursor of body weight change.11 Prospective studies are necessary to address questions regarding causal directionality.One of the most promising lines of investigation deals with depression and depressive symptomatology as precursors of body weight change. Noppa and Ha Èllstro Èm 12 found that depression in middle-aged women was associated with subsequent weight gain. DiPietro et al 11 examined depressive symptoms as pre...

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Face validity vs. item subtlety in the MMPI D scale

Cited by 14 publications

References 14 publications

The utility of MMPI subtle, obvious scales for detecting fake good and fake bad response sets

The utility of MMPI subtle, obvious scales for detecting fake good and fake bad response sets

A longitudinal study of gender differences in depressive symptoms from age 50 to 80.

Symptoms of depression and changes in body weight from adolescence to mid-life

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