Facial Asymmetry

Abstract

Any abnormality of the soft or hard tissues of the face can lead to asymmetry. This could be a consequence of a congenital anomaly, a developmental or an acquired defect. Asymmetry can be progressive in nature, while those acquired due to trauma or ablative surgeries are non- progressive. It is prudent for the clinician to consider the aetiology of the asymmetry, the extent and its severity in all three dimensions in order to provide an optimal treatment plan. Besides, it is important to take into consideration factors such as growth, timing of treatment and psychological aspirations of the patients. The present chapter will discuss the etiopathogenesis and classifications, clinical considerations and diagnosis, evaluation and treatment planning of facial asymmetries. Few interesting case scenarios will also be discussed for a better understanding of clinical presentations and various surgical procedures available for management.

Skeletal facial asymmetry: reliability of manual and artificial intelligence-driven analysis

“…4 TMJ are one of the key factors in the development of facial asymmetry. 13 , 37 The disorders of TMJ symmetry can be divided into under- or overdevelopment of the condyle, sometimes both. Patient with facial asymmetry have been found to have higher incidence of TMJ disorders and condylar morphological changes on the affected side.…”

“…Patient with facial asymmetry have been found to have higher incidence of TMJ disorders and condylar morphological changes on the affected side. 13 Research has shown that unilateral TMJ disorders, due to imbalance of masticatory loads and decreased chewing function, can lead to similar pathological changes on the initially unaffected side over time. 38 …”

“…Two-dimensional radiographs often enable clinicians to quickly diagnose underlying issues causing noticeable facial asymmetry, such as condylar hyperplasia or maxillofacial tumours. 13 Other methods used in facial asymmetry assessment are clinical evaluation, radiographic examination techniques (CT, MRI, orthopantomography), photographic examination, scintigraphy, stereolithographic models, and stereophotogrammetry systems. 13 …”

“… 13 Other methods used in facial asymmetry assessment are clinical evaluation, radiographic examination techniques (CT, MRI, orthopantomography), photographic examination, scintigraphy, stereolithographic models, and stereophotogrammetry systems. 13 …”

Assessment of mandibular asymmetry in different skeletal malocclusions and vertical patterns in adult individuals: A cone-beam computed tomography study

“…[ 1 ] Craniofacial symmetry is one aspect of harmony that determines attractiveness regardless of varying cultural norms,[ 1 2 ] although minor variations in facial symmetry may still be perceived as esthetically pleasing with no esthetic or functional significance. [ 1 3 ] Exactly how to distinguish between pathological and normal asymmetry remains a matter of debate. [ 4 ] A lack of human facial symmetry should be addressed when it affects the function and esthetics of an individual.…”