Facial Characteristics of Children Who Breathe Through the Mouth

Bresolin, Dante; Shapiro, Gail G.; Shapiro, Peter A.; Dassel, Steven W.; Furukawa, Clifton T.; Pierson, William E.; Chapko, Michael K.; Bierman, C. Warren

doi:10.1542/peds.73.5.622

Cited by 81 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Individuals with incisor proclination, dental crowding, and a narrow and deep palate resulting in irreversible asymmetry, likely generated by insufficient naso‐respiratory function and hypertrophied adenoids (Bresolin et al, 1984; Cozza et al, 2007; Di Francesco et al, 2006; Emslie et al, 1952; Figus et al, 2017; Harari et al, 2010; Hartsook, 1946; Katz et al, 2004; Melink et al, 2010; Rubin, 1980; Valera et al, 2003; Vazquez‐Nava et al, 2006; Vig, 1998; Warren, 1990; Warren & Bishara, 2002) were excluded from the sample. These pathological conditions have a measurable impact on palate morphology before the age of 12 and after the age of 5 yo.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Knowledge of difference between "normal asymmetry" (Functional) and "pathologic asymmetry" (Para-functional) is important for diagnosis of medical conditions. Functional activities of the skeletal muscular system, especially those of the masticatory apparatus and in particular movements of the tongue involved in swallowing (Anagnostara et al, 2001;Lear et al, 1965;Palmer et al, 2008;Pameijer et al, 1970), speaking (Lammert et al, 2011(Lammert et al, , 2013a(Lammert et al, , 2013bNarayanan et al, 2004) and breathing (Bresolin et al, 1984;Cozza et al, 2007;Di Francesco et al, 2006;Emslie et al, 1952;Harari et al, 2010;Hartsook, 1946;Katz et al, 2004;Melink et al, 2010;Rubin, 1980;Valera et al, 2003;Vazquez-Nava et al, 2006;Vig, 1998;Warren, 1990;Warren & Bishara, 2002) impact both upper and lower jaw morphology (Alghadir et al, 2015;Bansal et al, 2015;Ferrario et al, 1993;Hiiemae & Palmer, 2003;Hori et al, 2013;Klein, 1986;Oxilia et al, 2018;Palmer et al, 1997;Pirittiniemi, 1994) generating a best-fit occlusion between jaws.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Exploring directional and fluctuating asymmetry in the human palate during growth

Oxilia

Sartorio

Bortolini

et al. 2021

American J Phys Anthropol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objectives: Palate morphology is constantly changing throughout an individual's lifespan, yet its asymmetry during growth is still little understood. In this research, we focus on the study of palate morphology by using 3D geometric morphometric approaches to observe changes at different stages of life, and to quantify the impact of directional and fluctuating asymmetry on different areas at different growth stages. Materials and Methods:The sample consists of 183 individuals (1-72 years) from two identified human skeletal collections of 19th and early 20th Century Italian contexts. A 3D-template of 41 (semi)landmarks was applied on digital palate models to observe morphological variation during growth.Results: Asymmetrical components of the morphological structure appears multidirectional on the entire palate surface in individuals <2 years old and become oriented (opposite bilateral direction) between 2 and 6 years of age. Specifically, directional asymmetry differentially impacts palate morphology at different stages of growth. Both the anterior and posterior palate are affected by mild alterations in the first year of life, while between 2 and 6 years asymmetry is segregated in the anterior area, and moderate asymmetry affects the entire palatal surface up to 12 years of age. Our results show that stability of the masticatory system seems to be reached around 13-35 years first by females and then males. From 36 years on both sexes show similar asymmetry on the anterior area. Regarding fluctuating asymmetry, interindividual variability is mostly visible up to 12 years of age, after which only directional trends can be clearly observed at a group level.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring directional and fluctuating asymmetry in the human palate during growth

Oxilia

Sartorio

Bortolini

et al. 2021

American J Phys Anthropol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…(Table 6). canine and second molar relationships, and presence or absence of anterior crossbite, posterior crossbite, and anterior open bite in centric occlusion using a tongue blade and a mechanical pencil to record the amount of overjet and overbite, using the Warren and Bishara criteria (Warren and Bishara 2002) [41] Criteria for Class I, Class II, or Class III malocclusion and for posterior and anterior crossbite were based on a method previously described by Foster and Hamilton (Foster and Hamilton 1969) [39] double-faced mirror in agreement with Moyers' criteria (Moyers 1973) [40] and used by others (Bresolin 1984, Hartgerink 1989 [37,38] Harari 2010 [31] 116…”

Section: Methods Of Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Malocclusion Patterns in Mouth Breathing Children Compared to Nasal Breathing Children – A Systematic Review

Greven¹

2021

IJCOMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The prevalence of malocclusion in mouth breathing children compared to nasal breathing children is unclear, therefore the aim of this study is to identify this prevalence in a systematic review. Seven studies were included. Six studies investigated the prevalence of malocclusion in mouth breathers and compared them with the prevalence data in nose breathers. One study evaluated the prevalence of mouth-and nose breathing in children with malocclusion. The prevalence rates for class I to class III malocclusions vary significantly between studies. For class I malocclusions, a prevalence between 9% and 74% was identified in the included studies. For class II malocclusions a prevalence between 21% and 73% was shown, which equalled roughly the prevalence of class I malocclusions. Class III malocclusions were the least prevalent, between 5% and 24%. There is insufficient evidence for a difference in prevalence patterns of class I -III malocclusions between mouth and nasal breathers in order to draw a definite conclusion. The quality of the included studies was rated moderate to poor. Research on the prevalence of malocclusions in mouth breathing compared to nasal breathing children is scarce. Identified prevalence rates differ significantly, which is likely due to different assessment and reporting methods used in the included studies. The evidence of a difference in prevalence patterns for class I -III malocclusions and other occlusion traits between mouth and nasal breathers is insufficient to draw a definite conclusion.

show abstract

“…ILS affects the oral balance between the lip and tongue pressures and can result in labial tipping of the maxillary anterior teeth and narrowing the maxillary dental arch. Bresolin et al reported that children with severe open mouth postures present with significantly reduced growth of the maxillary dental arch (Bresolin et al, 1984). Gross et al also reported that a prolonged open mouth posture during childhood results in a narrow maxillary arch and longer facial height (Gross et al, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lip‐closing strength in children is enhanced by lip and facial muscle training

Nogami

Saitoh

Inada

et al. 2021

Clinical & Exp Dental Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objectives Weakening of lip‐closing strength (LCS) associated with an incompetent lip seal (ILS) may affect the oral balance between the lip and tongue pressures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of lip‐closing training in children with lower LCS and/or abnormal habits across different age groups and to compare its effects on increasing LCS in children with malocclusion and/or oral habits. Material and Methods Lip‐closing training was performed by 154 Japanese children aged 3–12 years using a specialized training device at home for 3 months. Children with oral habits and/or exhibiting less than standard LCS were included. LCS was measured using a digital strain force gauge at a dental clinic at the beginning (T0) and after each month (after 3 months: T3). Results Children had higher LCS responses after lip‐closing training. The first month of lip‐closing training was more effective than the subsequent months. With lip‐closing training, the LCS increased from an average of 6.2 N (T0) to 11.4 N (T3) in Group I, 7.9 N (T0) to 12.8 N (T3) in Group II, and 6.8 N to 11.4 N in Group III. Anterior cross bite, including reverse bite, open bite, and tongue thrusting, significantly reduced training effects. Conclusion Our findings showed that lower LCS in children with ILS resulted in greater responses to lip‐closing training in a short period, but oral dysfunction, such as abnormal habits, inhibited the positive effects of training. Our results suggest that less detrimental effects of malocclusion and abnormal oral habits lip‐closing training enhances LCS in younger children.

show abstract

Facial Characteristics of Children Who Breathe Through the Mouth

Cited by 81 publications

References 0 publications

Exploring directional and fluctuating asymmetry in the human palate during growth

Exploring directional and fluctuating asymmetry in the human palate during growth

Prevalence of Malocclusion Patterns in Mouth Breathing Children Compared to Nasal Breathing Children – A Systematic Review

Lip‐closing strength in children is enhanced by lip and facial muscle training

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About