Facial Defects With Infraorbital and Zygomatic Area Reconstruction Using an Expanded Flap Based on the Orbicularis Oculi Muscle: A Long-Term Follow-up

Abstract

Objective: Reconstruction of facial soft-tissue defects may pose a dilemma for plastic surgeons, as the flaps must be reliable to obtain a natural appearance while minimizing donor site morbidities. This clinical study describes a reconstructive method for infraorbital and zygomatic defects using a pre-expanded rotation flap based on the orbicularis oculi muscle (OOM). Methods: The surgeries were subdivided into 2 stages. In the first stage of the operation, a 100 to 200 mL expander was placed underneath the temporal area through a hairline incision. In the second stage, after adequate inflation of the expander, the preexpanded rotation flap based on the OOM of the lower eyelid was raised from lateral to medial to cover the facial defects. Results: In this single-center study from February 2010 to February 2017, 16 patients underwent facial defect reconstruction using the pre-expanded flap based on the OOM. All of the defects were located at the infraorbital and zygomatic regions, and their sizes ranged from 3.0 × 4.0 to 7.0 × 14.0 cm. The causes of these defects included postburn scars (37.5%), melanocytic nevus (50%), and hemangiomas (12.5%). In all cases, good coverage was provided for the defects that were in the medial cheek or lower eyelids. There were no flap losses of any kind. There were no major complications, and all minor incidences were treated by minimal procedures. The patients were followed up after surgery, with the follow up ranging from 6 months to 108 months. The follow-up data included postoperative consultations, the defect size, the need for further procedures and the degree of satisfaction. Conclusion:The pre-expanded rotation flaps in the lateral facial area based on the OOM can ideally and safely be applied for facial defect reconstruction owing to their reliable blood supply and excellent texture match.

Blood Supply of the Temporal Flap Pedicled With Orbicularis Oculi Muscle: Anatomy and Its Clinical Implications

“…And the results were very satisfactory 12 . Luo et al found that the expanded flap based on OOM can ideally and safely be applied for facial defects 13 . The anatomy of OOM has been reported in many literatures.…”

“…12 Luo et al found that the expanded flap based on OOM can ideally and safely be applied for facial defects. 13 The anatomy of OOM has been reported in many literatures. Some studies investigated the innervation of OOM, including the medial and lateral motor supply routes.…”