Facial emotion discrimination: II. Behavioral findings in depression

Gur, Ruben C.; Erwin, Roland J.; Gur, Raquel E.; Zwil, Alexander S.; Heimberg, Carolyn; Kraemer, Helena C.

doi:10.1016/0165-1781(92)90116-k

Cited by 450 publications

(327 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…This is consistent with previous research that suggests depressed patients display negative biases in emotional processing [3 -6], including increased perception of ambiguous face emotions as negative [7,8]. The MDD group also displayed an overall non-valence-specific slowing of reaction times across all tasks at baseline, consistent with psychomotor slowing that is also observed in depression.…”

Section: (A) Emotional Processingsupporting

confidence: 90%

Dissociable temporal effects of bupropion on behavioural measures of emotional and reward processing in depression

Walsh

Browning

Drevets

et al. 2018

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Antidepressants remediate negative biases in emotional processing early in treatment, prior to mood improvement. However, the effects on reward processing potentially relevant to the treatment of anhedonia are less clear. Here we investigate the early and sustained effects of the dopamine and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor bupropion on behavioural measures of emotional and reward processing in currently depressed individuals. Forty-six currently depressed patients and 42 healthy controls participated in a repeated measures study, during which open-label bupropion was administered to only the patient group over a six week period without a placebo group. All participants completed the Emotional Test Battery and a probabilistic instrumental learning task at week 0, week 2 and week 6. Currently depressed patients displayed negative biases in emotional processing and blunted response bias for high-probability wins compared to the healthy controls at baseline. Bupropion was found to reduce the negative biases in emotional processing early in treatment, including a significant decrease in the percentage misclassification of other face emotions as sad and the number of negative self-referent words falsely recalled between baseline and week 2. Conversely, bupropion was found to initially further reduce the response bias for high-probability wins between baseline and week 2. This effect reversed with six weeks' bupropion treatment and reward processing was normalized compared to the healthy controls. Early in treatment, bupropion acts to reduce negative biases in emotional processing but exacerbates impaired reward processing. The beneficial actions of bupropion on reward processing then occur later in treatment. Such dissociation in the temporal effects of bupropion on emotional and reward processing has implications for the treatment of the different symptom domains of negative affect and anhedonia in depression. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Of mice and mental health: facilitating dialogue between basic and clinical neuroscientists’.

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Section: (A) Emotional Processingsupporting

confidence: 90%

Dissociable temporal effects of bupropion on behavioural measures of emotional and reward processing in depression

Walsh

Browning

Drevets

et al. 2018

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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“…Regarding the recognition of emotions expressed in music, Punkanen et al (Erkkila et al, 2011) found that, compared with HC, depressed patients had significantly higher scores on the recognition of anger and sadness for all musical excerpts. This misinterpretation of emotional valences was also described by Gur andcolleagues in 1992 (Gur et al, 1992), when they showed that depressed patients recognize neutral faces as being rather sad, and happy faces as rather neutral. These observations suggest that there is a defect in negative emotion inhibition even when the stimulus is positive, similar to the atypical emotional response to visual stimuli observed in patients with schizophrenia (Strauss and Herbener, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Alteration of complex negative emotions induced by music in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder

Choppin

Trost

Dondaine

et al. 2016

Journal of Affective Disorders

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a b s t r a c tBackground: Research has shown bipolar disorder to be characterized by dysregulation of emotion processing, including biases in facial expression recognition that is most prevalent during depressive and manic states. Very few studies have examined induced emotions when patients are in a euthymic phase, and there has been no research on complex emotions. We therefore set out to test emotional hyperreactivity in response to musical excerpts inducing complex emotions in bipolar disorder during euthymia. Methods: We recruited 21 patients with bipolar disorder (BD) in a euthymic phase and 21 matched healthy controls. Participants first rated their emotional reactivity on two validated self-report scales (ERS and MAThyS). They then rated their music-induced emotions on nine continuous scales. The targeted emotions were wonder, power, melancholy and tension. We used a specific generalized linear mixed model to analyze the behavioral data. Results: We found that participants in the euthymic bipolar group experienced more intense complex negative emotions than controls when the musical excerpts induced wonder. Moreover, patients exhibited greater emotional reactivity in daily life (ERS). Finally, a greater experience of tension while listening to positive music seemed to be mediated by greater emotional reactivity and a deficit in executive functions. Limitations: The heterogeneity of the BD group in terms of clinical characteristics may have influenced the results. Conclusions: Euthymic patients with bipolar disorder exhibit more complex negative emotions than controls in response to positive music.

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“…Mood congruent biases in the recall of emotionally valenced information in incidental memory tasks and in the monitoring and classification of emotional information have been reported to occur in depression [15,16]. Depressed patients are also more likely to classify ambiguous facial expressions as negative and this tendency persists into clinical remission [17,18]. Similarly, anxiety has been associated with attentional and interpretational biases towards threat including increased initial orienting to and recognition of fearful facial expressions [19].…”

Section: (C) Neuroadaptive Effects Of Ssrismentioning

confidence: 99%

‘It's the way that you look at it’—a cognitive neuropsychological account of SSRI action in depression

Harmer

Cowen

2013

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

154

128

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The fact that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have antidepressant effects in some patients supports the notion that serotonin plays a role in the mode of action of antidepressant drugs. However, neither the way in which serotonin may alleviate depressed mood nor the reason why several weeks needs to elapse before the full antidepressant effect of treatment is expressed is known. Here, we propose a neuropsychological theory of SSRI antidepressant action based on the ability of SSRIs to produce positive biases in the processing of emotional information. Both behavioural and neuroimaging studies show that SSRI administration produces positive biases in attention, appraisal and memory from the earliest stages of treatment, well before the time that clinical improvement in mood becomes apparent. We suggest that the delay in the clinical effect of SSRIs can be explained by the time needed for this positive bias in implicit emotional processing to become apparent at a subjective, conscious level. This process is likely to involve the re-learning of emotional associations in a new, more positive emotional environment. This suggests intriguing links between the effect of SSRIs to promote synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis, and their ability to remediate negative emotional biases in depressed patients.

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Facial emotion discrimination: II. Behavioral findings in depression

Cited by 450 publications

References 13 publications

Dissociable temporal effects of bupropion on behavioural measures of emotional and reward processing in depression

Dissociable temporal effects of bupropion on behavioural measures of emotional and reward processing in depression

Alteration of complex negative emotions induced by music in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder

‘It's the way that you look at it’—a cognitive neuropsychological account of SSRI action in depression

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