Facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) estimation models—And the strength of correlations between craniometric dimensions and FSTTs

Stephan, Carl N.; Sievwright, Emma

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.03.011

Cited by 22 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In order to be able to perform the technique of craniofacial reconstruction and, implicitly, to obtain an image as reliable and as close to reality as possible, it is necessary to know the thickness of soft tissues in specific locations (cheeks, chin, nose, lips, eyes, forehead). This parameter requires a wealth of research carried out on specific populations [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. In this respect, the objective of the present study was to analyze the relationship between hard tissue and soft tissue with regard to the maximum width of the nose, a first parameter in the construction of the morphological aspect of the nose [17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The anatomical relationship between soft and hard tissue can be established by means of radiological data-X-ray, computer tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance, etc. There are a number of recent publications that provide different imaging modalities for establishing the facial soft tissue thicknesses specific to different populations [7][8][9][10]. At an international level there is vast literature and research regarding this relationship as well as for the necessary parameters relating to craniofacial reconstruction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Facial Reconstruction: Anthropometric Studies Regarding the Morphology of the Nose for Romanian Adult Population I: Nose Width

et al. 2020

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Craniofacial reconstruction often represents a final step in medico-legal identification and is dependent on facial tissue thickness measurements and feature shape estimation. This study’s aim is to create a reliable and readily reproductible method of predicting the maximum nose width (MNW) based on the maximum nasal aperture width (MAW) for a Romanian adult population. A sample of 55 computer tomography (CT) scans consisting of Romanian adult subjects was selected from the database of a neurosurgery hospital. The craniometrics measured consisted of a first measure of MAW and second one of the MNW using 3D systems Freeform Modelling Plus Software. Correlation analysis indicated a moderate link between the MAW and the MNW. Regression analysis showed that MAW and sex form a statistically significant regression pattern (R2 = 0.340, SEE (Standard Error of Estimate) = 3.801). The preliminary results obtained provide reliable predictions of MNW for facial reconstruction based on MAW measured on the skull.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial Reconstruction: Anthropometric Studies Regarding the Morphology of the Nose for Romanian Adult Population I: Nose Width

et al. 2020

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“…In the medical arena, B‐mode popularity has essentially made their A‐mode counterparts obsolete (but note here that these are still used for flaw detection applications in engineering). This preference is already manifested in the FSTT literature, where in the last 10 years, FSTT studies using ultrasound exclusively employ B‐mode imaging .…”

Section: A Standardized B‐mode Fstt Measurement Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A highly deformable hypo‐allergenic and water‐based acoustic gel (as used in diagnostic ultrasound, albeit in much larger quantities here) should be used to stand the transducer off the tissue surface interface to mitigate the risk of tissue compression while simultaneously maintaining the echo connectivity to the skin, that is, it should be used as a readily deformable standoff gel platform . Acoustic gel platforms should be used above stiffer commercially available standoff gel‐pads since the latter are designed for general imaging of tissues that are much less compressible and/or delicate than facial soft tissues.…”

Section: A Standardized B‐mode Fstt Measurement Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A similar situation is presented at rhinion (rhi‐rhi′), where holding the transducer vertically allows the measurer to follow the nasal bone contour to its end. If held horizontally, measurement at rhinion would involve superior‐inferior movement of the transducer to locate the edge of the nasal bone and may cause inadvertent measurement at the cartilage, rather than the bone .…”

Section: A Standardized B‐mode Fstt Measurement Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

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B‐mode Ultrasound Measurement of Facial Soft Tissue Thickness for Craniofacial Identification: A Standardized Approach

Meikle

Stephan

2019

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Facial soft tissue thicknesses (FSTT) have long formed a quantitative cornerstone of craniofacial identification methods. Measurement approaches could, however, be improved by standardization that enhances the utility/comparability of these FSTT data between studies and authors. This applies equally within the broad classes of measurement techniques, just as it does between them, where many different varieties of tools, tool settings, and practitioner techniques are used within each measurement modality. Although B-mode ultrasound is popularly used and holds some prime advantages, such as the measurement of upright living subjects, technical recommendations that provide basic underlying data structure and standardization are essentially nonexistent. This paper provides the first systematic and illustrated description of a standardized B-mode ultrasound measurement method designed to maximize data utility for craniofacial identification purposes.

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Global facial soft tissue thicknesses for craniofacial identification (2023): a review of 140 years of data since Welcker’s first study

Hona,

Stephan

2023

Int J Legal Med

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This year (2023) marks 140 years since the first publication of a facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) study. Since 1883, a total of 139 studies have been published, collectively tallying > 220,000 tissue thickness measurements of > 19,500 adults. In just the last 5-years, 33 FSTT studies have been conducted. Herein, we add these data (plus an additional 20 studies) to the 2018 T-Table to provide an update of > 81,000 new datapoints to the global tallied facial soft tissue depths table. In contrast to the original 2008 T-Table, some notable changes are as follows: increased FSTTs by 3 mm at infra second molar (ecm2–iM2ʹ), 2.5 mm at gonion (go–goʹ), 2 mm at mid-ramus (mr–mrʹ), and 1.5 mm at zygion (zy–zyʹ). Rolling grand means indicate that stable values have been attained for all nine median FSTT landmarks, while six out of nine bilateral landmarks continue to show ongoing fluctuations, indicating further data collection at these landmarks holds value. When used as point estimators for individuals with known values across 24 landmarks (i.e., C-Table data), the updated grand means produce slightly less estimation error than the 2018 T-Table means (3.5 mm versus 3.6 mm, respectively). Future efforts to produce less noisy datasets (i.e., reduce measurement and sampling errors as much as possible between studies) would be useful.

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Facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) estimation models—And the strength of correlations between craniometric dimensions and FSTTs

Cited by 22 publications

References 31 publications

Facial Reconstruction: Anthropometric Studies Regarding the Morphology of the Nose for Romanian Adult Population I: Nose Width

Facial Reconstruction: Anthropometric Studies Regarding the Morphology of the Nose for Romanian Adult Population I: Nose Width

B‐mode Ultrasound Measurement of Facial Soft Tissue Thickness for Craniofacial Identification: A Standardized Approach

Global facial soft tissue thicknesses for craniofacial identification (2023): a review of 140 years of data since Welcker’s first study

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