Facial Stereotypes of Deviants and Judgments of Guilt or Innocence

Shoemaker, Donald J.; South, Donald R.; Lowe, Jay

doi:10.2307/2576687

Cited by 49 publications

(58 citation statements)

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“…In relation to the nature of the crime and perceptions of guilt, other researchers (e.g., Shoemaker, et al, 1973;Macrae & Shepherd, 1989) have found that suspect appearance affects guilt ratings depending on the type of crime committed. Our results extend this prior research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous research suggests that people's expectations about a criminal perpetrator's physical appearance vary in relation to the type of criminal offense (Dumas & Teste, 2006;Kulka & Kessler, 1978;Macrae & Shepherd, 1989;Shoemaker, South, & Lowe, 1973;Sigall & Ostrove, 1975;Skorinko & Spellman, 2006;Stewart, 1980;Yarmey, 1993).…”

Section: The Effects Of Masculinity and Suspect Gender On Perceptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research finds, for example, that mock jurors are more likely to find a defendant guilty if he has a face that is representative of the type of crime in question (Dumas & Teste, 2006;Macrae & Shepherd, 1989;Shoemaker, et al, 1973). This research, however, has focused by and large on male suspects.…”

Section: The Effects Of Masculinity and Suspect Gender On Perceptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Masculinity and Suspect Gender on Perceptions of Guilt

Ward

Flowe

Humphries

2012

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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Summary This study investigated whether perceptions of guilt for both male and female suspects co‐varied with masculine physical appearance. In addition, the study tested whether the relationship between masculine physical appearance and perceptions of guilt was dependent upon whether the crime is stereotypically male perpetrated. Participants read one of three crime scenarios (burglary, child abuse and neglect, fraud and forgery) and evaluated the likelihood that suspects of varying masculine appearance committed the crime in question. Masculine physical appearance significantly affected guilt ratings across all crime types for both male and female suspects. Additionally, guilt ratings for male compared with female suspects were higher for burglary, a crime that was viewed as stereotypically male perpetrated by research participants. The results are discussed in relation to applied implications and future research directions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Effects Of Masculinity and Suspect Gender On Perceptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Effects Of Masculinity and Suspect Gender On Perceptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Masculinity and Suspect Gender on Perceptions of Guilt

Ward

Flowe

Humphries

2012

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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“…Interestingly, experimental evidence is readily available which demonstrates that other unique responses are made to faces for unknown reasons. Shoemaker (Shoemaker, South, & Lowe, 1973), for example, has shown that subjects will consensually label randomly selected male faces as "murderer," "rapist," or other deviant. In other words, subjects seem to share a stereotype for "a murderer" and they can "find" the stimuli that match that stereotype in certain face stimuli.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Face recognition memory: Distribution of false alarms

Goldstein

Stephenson

Chance

1977

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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The responses of subjects in six face recognition memory studies were analyzed to determine whether false alarms (F As) ~ distractors were randomly distributed. Evidence from every study strongly supports the concluslOn that F As are nonrandom. For reasons still unclear some faces are often mistakenly selected as targets, others are never selected. Possible explanatio~s of these findings are discussed.In laboratory studies, observers' recognition memory performance for faces following a single brief exposure is typically characterized by fairly large numbers of correct identifications (hits), smaller but consistent numbers of errors of commission (false alarms), and errors of omission (misses). It is more than likely that both kinds of errors occur in criminal investigations, but for obvious reasons false alarms (FAs)-misidentifying innocent individuals-are more newsworthy when discovered and much more troublesome than misses. Nonsystematic observations by at least two investigators (Cross, Cross, & Daly, 1971; Goldstein, in press) suggest that some distractor faces "attract" more than their statistical share of F As. The single purpose of this research was to discover whether F As are distributed randomly among distractors in recognition memory experiments.Both theoretical and practical advantages would be derived from more detailed knowledge regarding responses to visual distractors. If, in fact, occasional distract or stimuli attract erroneous responses in a nonrandom fashion, and this kind of response bias could be shown to occur with some generality, it might afford a method which could be used to discover what is the "content" of the stored information carried by a subject who had viewed target faces in an earlier study session. That is, if F As are not distributed randomly, then faces erroneously selected as targets may upon appropriate analysis tell us something about the stimulus the subject was "looking for" in the test session. Moreover, nonrandom responses to distractors might offer a solution to the puzzling fact that on occasion several eyewitnesses in a criminal case have identified the same innocent person as the culprit (Wall, 1965). METHODFive investigations were conducted using standard procedures for testing recognition memory . Racially mixed target faces were presented rust in a study session, then in an immediately following test session interspersed among distractor faces. In both sessions, faces were presented singly; in the test trials the subject had to decide for each stimulus whether it was a target face (old) or a distractor face (new). Face stimuli were achromatic full-face portraits obtained from high school yearbooks and placed on slides. All photographs were selected to reduce nonfacial cues for recognition. Subjects were white college students. Number of targets, number of distractors, length of study-test interval, and task instructions were varied to assess their effect on the distributions of F As. These procedural variations will be described below, where appropriate. All ...

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“…In the present paper, we focus on two prominent facial characteristics that are especially relevant in the domain of legal decision-making: perceptions of criminality and remorse. People share stereotypes about what kinds of faces are perceived as criminal (see, e.g., Bull, 1992;MacLin & Herrera, 2006;Shoemaker, South, & Lowe, 1973). Ratings on the criminal appearance of faces show high interrater reliability, demonstrating that different people perceive the same individuals to appear criminal or not (Flowe, 2012).…”

Section: Modeling Perceptions Of Criminality and Remorse From Faces Umentioning

confidence: 99%