“…The conversion of biomass waste into advanced materials as its sustainable, cost-effective, and green raw material , offers an opportunity to alleviate the resource crisis. , Biomass waste with a high carbon content of 45–55 wt % has been utilized to produce novel carbon materials like graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofiber, carbon nano-onion, porous carbon (PC), and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) . Biomass conversion technologies have been intensively researched and developed including thermolysis, gasification, and hydrothermal treatment. , Among them, hydrothermal carbonization is a widely used technique for the thermochemical decomposition of biomass with water as the medium.…”