Facile and Low-cost Synthesis of Mesoporous Ti–Mo Bi-metal Oxide Catalysts for Biodiesel Production from Esterification of Free Fatty Acids in <i>Jatropha curcas</i> Crude Oil

Abstract

Mesoporous Ti-Mo bi-metal oxides with various titanium-molybdenum ratios were successfully fabricated via a facile approach by using stearic acid as a low-cost template agent. thermal gravity (TG) /differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm, NH temperature-programmed desorption (NH-TPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements indicated these materials possessing mesoporous structure, sufficient pore size and high acid intensity. The catalytic performance of prepared catalysts was evaluated by esterification of free fatty acids in Jatropha curcas crude oil (JCCO) with methanol. The effects of various parameters on FFA conversion were investigated. The esterification conversion of 87.8% was achieved under the condition of 180°C, 2 h, methanol to JCCO molar ratio of 20:1 and 3.0 wt.% catalyst (relative to the weight of JCCO). The mesoporous catalysts were found to exhibit high activities toward the simultaneous esterification and transesterification of JCCO. Furthermore, the catalyst could be recovered with a good reusability.

A sustainable process for biodiesel production using Zn/Mg oxidic species as active, selective and reusable heterogeneous catalysts

“…The biodiesel production from non-edible raw materials is a field that is being extensively explored, so it is necessary to develop studies on different sources of triglycerides that do not compete with the food industry. Selecting these types of vegetable sources allows, in turn, to reduce biodiesel production costs (Zhang et al 2018a). Among the options already known and studied are Jatropha curcas crude oil, Silybum marianum oil, Firmiana platanifolia L.f. oil and Euphorbia lathyris crude oil (Adeniyi et al 2019;Zhang et al 2018b, Pan et al 2018.…”

Catalytic Transfer of Fructose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural over Bimetal Oxide Catalysts

“…Modi ed aluminum-molybdenum mixed oxides were prepared using stearic acid as a modi er by following the previous methods by our group [22,23], and the catalyst was denoted as S-AlMo. For comparison, stearic acid-modi ed aluminum oxide was also prepared by the same method, and it was denoted as S-Al.…”

Facile synthesis of polyoxometalates tethered to post Fe-BTC frameworks for esterification of free fatty acids to biodiesel

“…12,13 These drawbacks could be overcome by using solid acid catalysts instead of liquid mineral acids. In the past few years, there has been exhaustive investigations focused on the search of solid acid catalysts for the esterication, including sulfonic acid-functionalized solid acid, 14 sulphated zirconia, 15 heteropolyacids, 16 metal oxides, 17 zeolite, 18 metal modied graphene oxide composite, 19 etc. But, these solid acid catalysts show that the disadvantages of poor mass transfer, low thermal stability and low acidity.…”