Regardless
of the appealingly high energy density (1000 Wh kg–1) of the lithium–manganese-rich layered oxide
cathode (LMR-NMO), this material still suffers from rapid capacity
and voltage decay after continuous cycling. LMR-NMO involves the redox
reaction of both transition metals and oxygen to gain additional capacity
in comparison with a conventional NMC cathode. Due to the use of a
high voltage range (beyond 4.4 V), the oxygen release from the structure
initiates and in turn generates intergranular cracks and spinel formation,
consequently, into rock-salt structure. Here, LMR-NMO with different
doping ranges (1–5 mol %) of F, S, and Cl are being examined
to summarize the benefits and drawbacks of each anion. This study
shows that F is the best candidate as it increases average voltage
(voltage retention 96–97% after 200 cycles at 0.5 C), improves
ionic conductivity (nearly two times higher than pristine), reduces
cation mixing, minimizes oxygen release, and offers high stability
during high temperature cycle. However, for S and Cl, the results
are conflicted. An optimal amount of anion dopants should be considered
as the side effects might overcome the benefits when the doping amount
is excessive.