“…Owing to its durability, low toxicity, appropriate band gap, and good solar energy conversion efficiency, I-III-VI ternary metal sulfide semiconductors have received a lot of research attention thus far (Li et al, 2018;Zhang et al, 2021). Copper indium sulfide (CuInS 2 ) is a promising I-III-VI 2 ternary chalcopyrite material with a wide range of advantages for photocatalytic and photovoltaic applications (Yang et al, 2021b;Spera et al, 2022;Wang et al, 2022). Its conduction band is made up of In 5s orbitals, and its valence band is made up of S 3p orbitals, resulting in a small band-gap (1.53 eV for the bulk CuInS 2 ) (Chumha et al, 2020;Guo et al, 2021).…”