“…1S (Supplementary information) was observed in ve-carbon states as follows; C-C and sp 2 at 284 eV, C-O, C-N at 285.5 eV, C-C at 287.8 eV, O-C = O, C = O at 289 eV. The Si2p exhibited one peak at 102 eV, which indicates Si-O and the O1s shown two oxygen states of C = O at 532 eV and C-O at 534 eV.The spectra states are consistent with the other literature as reported[4,11,27, 28]. The denoted functional groups of O = C, C-O-H, C-O-C, among others, are typical structures of phenolic, ester, quinine, lactonic, carboxyl group from the surface of the materials.…”