Facile hydrothermal synthesis of porous TiO₂nanowire electrodes with high-rate capability for Li ion batteries

Abstract

Anatase TiO(2) nanowires were successfully synthesized using a low-temperature hydrothermal treatment on as-prepared one-dimensional (1D) hydrogen titanate nanowires (H(2)Ti(3)O(7)) at 180 degrees C. The anatase TiO(2) nanowires were porous in nature with a high specific surface area. These nanowires were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM, x-ray powder diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) measurements. The topochemical phase transformation mechanism from H(2)Ti(3)O(7) to anatase TiO(2) is discussed. The porous anatase TiO(2) nanowire electrodes demonstrated an excellent cycling performance and superior rate capabilities compared with the H(2)Ti(3)O(7) nanowires and the anatase TiO(2) nanowires that were prepared through calcination at 700 degrees C. The porous anatase TiO(2) nanowires exhibited a capacity of approximately 145 mA h g(-1) at 1 C after 500 cycles and 115 mA h g(-1) at 20 C. This improvement in the long-term cycle stability and outstanding rate capability was explained by various microscopic observations of the porous 1D nanostructured nature of the nanowires during the Li intercalation/deintercalation cycles.

Monolithic co-aerogels of carbon/titanium dioxide as three dimensional nanostructured electrodes for energy storage

“…The capacity of 203.9 mAh g À1 was higher than the theoretical value of 168 mAh g À1 for TiO 2 materials. However, such values were observed in earlier reports and attributed to the high insertion coefficient for the first cycle, the surface storage mechanism (pseudo-capacities) and possible contribution from carbon materials [56,57]. As clearly shown in Figure S6 in the supporting information, the capacity contribution from carbon component in the hybrid co-aerogel cannot be neglected.…”

Synthesis and Applications of One-Dimensional Porous Nanowire Arrays: A Review

“…[65][66][67][68] Shim et al 46 have successfully obtained porous TiO 2 nanowires from 1D hydrogen titanate nanowires (H 2 Ti 3 O 7 Á nH 2 O) using a facile low-temperature hydrothermal treatment. As the precursor, the hydrogen titanate nanowires were¯rst synthesized using a hydrothermal treatment in an alkaline environment.…”

“…Han et al 37 reported that the porous SnO 2 nanowire bundles synthesized in high yield through a simple solution approach could be maintained at discharge capacity of 530 mAh g À1 after 20 cycles, which are superior to porous SnO 2 microtubes as well as the polycrystalline SnO 2 solid nanowires. 113,114 Shim et al 46 evaluated the capacity of porous anatase TiO 2 nanowires and found that the value can reach 145 mAh g À1 at 1 C and 115 mAh g À1 at 20 C after 500 cycles, revealing an excellent cycling performance and superior rate capabilities compared with the H 2 Ti 3 O 7 nanowires. Afterward, Wang et al 115 also developed a facile and rapid two-step synthesis route for porous wire-like TiO 2 nanostructures as anodes for Li-ion batteries, exhibiting superior high speci¯c capacity (206 mAh g À1 at 0.2 C) and remarkable rate capability (167:1 AE 0:7 and 116:1 AE 1:1 mAh g À1 at 0.5 C and 5 C, respectively).…”

“…[24][25][26][27][28][29] The extremely high surface-to-volume ratios contribute to large quantities of reactive interfaces, which make this kind of materials extremely sensitive to species adsorbed on the inner and outer surfaces, resulting in excellent sensitivity and selectivity. Meanwhile, 1D porous nanowires have shown desired functions in catalysis, [30][31][32][33][34][35][36] photocatalyst, 35,37 sensors, 36,[38][39][40] fuel cells, 41 Li-ion batteries, 37,[42][43][44][45][46][47] super-capacitors, 48,49 water treatment [50][51][52] and so forth. As far as the literature is concerned, there is no special review focusing on the typical 1D porous nanowires (arrays) referring to synthesis and applications till now.…”

The preparation of H2Ti12O25 via multi-method and their rate performance in Lithium ions battery

“…nanostructured materials have many obvious advantages in comparison with respective counterparts with microcosmic sizes, such as high rate performance, large capacity and long cycle life, due to the larger specific surface area, shorter transport length for both electronic and Li + ions and better accommodation of the strain during Li insertion/extraction[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] , so it is receiving increasing interests for the application in lithium ion batteries. Inspired by this, we attempt to synthesize H 2 Ti 12 O 25 with specific nanostructures via hydrothermal reaction following heat treatment to improve its electrochemical properties.…”