Facile one-step bioinspired mineralization by chitosan functionalized with graphene oxide to activate bone endogenous regeneration

<p>Applications of Graphene and Its Derivatives in Bone Repair: Advantages for Promoting Bone Formation and Providing Real-Time Detection, Challenges and Future Prospects</p>

“…GDs could be introduced into different kinds of substrates, such as metals, [130][131][132] inorganic nonmetals, [133][134][135][136] natural polymers [137][138][139] and synthetic polymers [140][141][142][143] to prepare bone repair materials with improved performance, as shown in Table 3. In this subsection, the updated progress on research and development of those materials was reviewed.…”

“…In the composition of bone, inorganic substances such as hydroxyapatite accounted for a large proportion, so whether it could stimulate the biomineralization of inorganic substances in natural bone was regarded as an important index in the process of bone repair. [133][134][135][136] In the past, inorganic/organic composite scaffolds based on polymers were a common choice for bone repair, but the agglomeration of inorganic particles affected their overall stability and bioactivity. Therefore, the introduction of GDs could solve the problems.…”

“…Therefore, the introduction of GDs could solve the problems. For example, Zhao et al 133 prepared GO/ chitosan/nano-hydroxyapatite particles (GO/CS/nHAP) scaffolds by introducing nHAP into CS and GO covalent binding network matrix by in situ one-step bionic technology. The scaffolds had excellent physical and chemical properties, such as threedimensional porous bone structure, mechanical properties, biodegradability and water absorption.…”

Aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes with nanohydroxyapatite in a 3D printed polycaprolactone scaffold stimulates osteogenic differentiation

“…However, most strategies merely focus on the use of biomaterials mimicking the chemical composition of bone and considering its structural performance. However, challenges still remain mainly related to complex fabrication processes [7], lack of reproducibility [8], unmanaged pore characteristics [9] and poor mechanical properties [10]. Therefore, the design and fabrication of biocompatible and biodegradable bone scaffolds mimicking the hierarchical structure of native bone remains a critical challenge.…”

Bioinspired Design of Graphene‐Based Materials

“…[238] Ternary composites are often the most suitable for bioengineering applications due to the combination of the scaffolding ability of the graphene-based structure and the bridging ability of biocompatible molecules and polymers. [239] Thus, the addition of chitosan, [240] hyaluronic acid, [241] or gelatin [242] to GO porous scaffolds functionalized with biomineralized HA nanocrystals leads to improved bone regeneration rate and mechanical properties with respect to blank samples in the absence of one of the components. In particular, biomineralized GO-chitosan hydrogels have been proposed as injectable, thermoresponsive platforms for bone tissue recovery.…”