“…Meanwhile, in the 13 2e shows four peaks at 284.8, 399.8, 531.8, and 163.8 eV, indicating that U-CDs are composed of C, N, O, and S elements, and the atomic ratios are calculated to be 71.44%, 1.97%, 19.49%, and 7.1%, respectively. As shown in Figure 2f, the high-resolution XPS spectra of the C 1s band are separated into three peaks at 284.8, 286.4, and 288.9 eV, which are attributed to C−C/C�C, C−N, and C�O, 35 respectively. The O 1s spectrum (Figure 2g) shows two states of oxygen, C�O at 532 eV and C−O at 533.42 eV.…”