Facile Preparation of Multifunctional WS₂/WO_xNanodots for Chelator-Free⁸⁹Zr-Labeling and In Vivo PET Imaging

Abstract

While position emission tomography (PET) is an important molecular imaging technique for both preclinical research and clinical disease diagnosis/prognosis, chelator-free radiolabeling has emerged as a promising alternative approach to label biomolecules or nanoprobes in a facile way. Herein, starting from bottom-up synthesized WS2 nanoflakes, we fabricate a unique type of WS2/WOx nanodots, which could function as inherent hard oxygen donor for stable radio-labeling with Zirconium-89 isotope (89Zr). Upon simply mixing, 89Zr can be anchored on the surface of polyethylene glycol (PEG) modified WS2/WOx (WS2/WOx-PEG) nanodots via a chelator-free method with surprisingly high labeling yield and great stability. A higher degree of oxidation in the WS2/WOx-PEG sample (WS2/WOx (0.4)) produces more electron pairs, which would be beneficial for chelator-free labeling of 89Zr with higher yields, suggesting the importance of surface chemistry and particle composition to the efficiency of chelator-free radiolabeling. Such 89Zr-WS2/WOx (0.4)-PEG nanodots are found to be an excellent PET contrast agent for in vivo imaging of tumors upon intravenous administration, or mapping of draining lymph nodes after local injection.

A New Facile Synthesis of Tungsten Oxide from Tungsten Disulfide: Structure Dependent Supercapacitor and Negative Differential Resistance Properties

“…Recently 2D metal oxides, particularly tungsten oxide (WO 3 ), have drawn significant research interest from both academic and technological viewpoints because of their novel properties and some notable applications. WO 3 possesses different crystal structures, exotic electronic properties, tunable band gap, and high specific surface area which are key factors for sensors, catalysts, transistors, photodetectors, solar cells, electrochromic devices, lithium ion batteries, and energy storage applications . The crystal structure of WO 3 comprises with corner sharing of “WO 6 octahedrons” and exhibits various distinguishable crystal forms such as poorer symmetric monoclinic, triclinic, tetragonal and higher symmetric orthorhombic, hexagonal, and cubic structures.…”

Multivalent Interactions between 2D Nanomaterials and Biointerfaces

“…Studies on WS 2 and TiS 2 also revealed some interesting results and suggest potential bioapplications . WS 2 nanosheets could be used not only for PTT but also as a nanocarrier for PDT owing to their 2D structure that provided large surface area to load photosensitizer agents .…”

“…Furthermore, WS 2 :Gd 3+ ‐PEG can convert NIR light into heat for PTT as well as facilitate ionizing irradiation‐induced tumor ablation via enhanced radiation therapy (RT). Zirconium‐89 ( 89 Zr) can also be anchored onto PEG‐modified WS 2 /WO x (WS 2 /WO x ‐PEG) nanodots via a chelator‐free method . Such 89 Zr incorporated nanodots are excellent as PET contrast agents, for in vivo imaging of tumors after intravenous injection or mapping of draining lymph nodes upon local administration.…”

Advanced Nanotechnology Leading the Way to Multimodal Imaging‐Guided Precision Surgical Therapy

“…The principle of these preoperative imaging technologies and scope of application are not demonstrated in this review, but it is worth noting that CT and MRI provide imaging with anatomy information, while PET and SPECT provide functional information. [178,[220][221][222] [197][198][199][200] Grimm et al reported the 89 Zr-radiolabeled iron oxide NPs ( 89 Zr-ferumoxytol) for LN mapping by PET/MRI with high resolution and sensitivity.…”