“…Carbon‐based materials including carbon particles, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, graphite, and graphene have been used as electrodes for EDLCs owing to their exceptional properties, such as high surface area, porous structure, chemical inertness, and good electrical conductivity that promote a nanoscopic charge separation at the electrode/electrolyte interface . In addition to carbon, both conducting polymers and transition metal oxides such as manganese oxides (MnO, Mn 2 O 3 , Mn 3 O 4 , MnO 2 ), RuO 2 , Fe 3 O 4 , SnO 2 , NiO, Fe 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , MoO 2 , MoO 3 , CuO, Co 3 O 4 , NiCo 2 O 4 , ZnO, Bi 2 O 3, Nb 2 O 5 , etc., have been used as electrode materials in pseudocapacitors due to their electrochemically active nature and the ability to carry out the Faradaic redox reaction . The electron transfer between the electrodes and the electrolytes comes from the reversible electrochemical doping–redoping with conductive polymers and fast Faradaic redox reactions in transition metal oxides, respectively.…”