“…Various nanomaterials have been used as catalysts due to their unique physiochemical properties, as this process is favorable thermodynamically but unfavorable kinetically in the absence of a catalyst. − These catalysts include silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), − silver-copper oxide nanocomposites, modified Ag-NPs, gold nanoparticles, − iron oxide nanoparticles, activated carbon, graphene oxide, , zinc oxide nanoparticles, zirconium oxide, Cu/sodium borosilicate nanocomposite, Pd/calcium lignosulfonate nanocomposite, lignin-derived (nano)materials, palladium nanoparticles, , and Cu NPs@Fe 3 O 4 . Nanomaterials can be generated through two primary approaches: the “top-down” and “bottom-up” methods.…”