Facile Synthesis of Graphitic Fungal Carbon Dots for Sensing of Food Adulterants and “Bio‐Imaging” of Human Kidney Cell Line

Abstract

In the current study, a simple and environmentally friendly hydrothermal treatment of fungal biomass for the preparation of carbon nanodots (CND) has been reported. The optical and structural characteristics of the CND have been thoroughly investigated using X‐ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), UV‐Visible, and fluorescence spectroscopy methods. Elemental analyses and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) have been used to highlight the surface functionality and composition of the CND.CND have been employed as a fluorescence probe for sensitive and selective detection of rhodamine B (Rh−B) and malachite green (MG) because the presence of food adulterants quenches the fluorescence of the CND. Finally, human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK 293) cell lines have been used to assess the biocompatibility and bio‐imaging features of CND. Fluorescence microscopy has been used for qualitative examination of the cellular uptake of CND, while the MTT test has been used for quantitative analysis of the cell‐type‐dependent uptake of CND. The article further investigates the sensing of food adulterants. Therefore, we have validated the practicality of CND obtained from the new carbon source for versatile applications.

Developing a Rapid and Sensitive Colorimetric Sensor for Detection of Food Adulterant Rhodamine‐B in Real Samples

“…[50,56] The deconvoluted O1s peak of RhÀ B are depicted in Figure 4(e) which contains the following species CÀ OÀ C, C=O/CÀ O, and O=CÀ N, which corresponds to 533.15, 531.95 and 530.38 eV binding energies respectively. [49,55] 532.07, and 530.53 eV binding energies, respectively. [57,58] In conclusion, the XPS deconvolution of BZ-EXT, RhÀ B, and conjugate have containing various functional groups.…”

“…[52,53] Figure 4(d) shows the deconvoluted O1s peak of BZ-EXT corresponding to species CÀ OÀ C and CÀ O/ C=O at binding energies 532.47 and 531.73 eV, respectively. [54,55] We obtain the deconvoluted C1s peak of RhÀ B from Figure 4(b), depicting the following species CÀ N, CÀ O/C=O, C=C/CÀ C, and CÀ OÀ C which corresponds to the following binding energies 288.61, 286.13, 284.60, and 284.40 eV, respectively. [50,56] The deconvoluted O1s peak of RhÀ B are depicted in Figure 4(e) which contains the following species CÀ OÀ C, C=O/CÀ O, and O=CÀ N, which corresponds to 533.15, 531.95 and 530.38 eV binding energies respectively.…”