“…[19,45] Four peaks can be observed in Figure 3d, the peaks centered at 164.0 and 165.2 eV correspond to the S 2p 3/2 and S 2p 1/2 of thiophene sulfur (-C-S-C-) and the peaks centered at 168.6 and 169.9 eV are the oxygen-containing sulfur groups (-C-SO X -C-X = 2,3,4), which are attributed to sulfones, sulfonates, and sulfates, respectively. [21,46,47] The electrochemical properties of carbon were tested by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 1 mol L À1 H 2 SO 4 solution. The quasirectangular shape of the CV curves (Figure 4a,c) suggests the presence of electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs).…”