Facile synthesis of polyaniline catalyzed by carbon fiber for supercapacitor applications

Batista, Aline Fontana; Rodrigues-Siqueli, Aline Castilho; Oliveira, Ana Paula; Filho, Gilberto Petraconi; Baldan, Maurício Ribeiro

doi:10.1016/j.synthmet.2022.117116

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Polyanilines are conducting polymers [ 1 ], with a wide range of technological applications: electromagnetic shielding [ 2 ], electrochromics [ 3 , 4 ], photothermal antitumoral/antibacterial therapy [ 5 ], electromagnetic actuators [ 6 ], electrode materials of batteries [ 7 , 8 ], supercapacitors [ 9 ], flexible electronics [ 10 ], conducting hydrogels [ 11 ], electrochemically-driven ion exchangers [ 12 ], fluorescent nanoparticles [ 13 ], electrochemical sensors [ 14 ], etc. The synthesis of the polyanilines is usually made by oxidative polymerization of anilines in solution [ 15 ], at a relatively low concentration (0.1–0.2 M) [ 16 ]. Therefore, the synthesis of polymer uses a lot of water, which becomes contaminated with byproducts (e.g., benzidine which is a known carcinogen).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanochemical Synthesis of Polyanilines and Their Nanocomposites: A Critical Review

Barbero

Acevedo

2022

Polymers

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The mechanochemical synthesis of polyanilines (PANIs), made by oxidative polymerization of anilines, is reviewed. First, previous knowledge of the polymerization reaction in solution is discussed to understand the effect of different parameters: oxidant/monomer ratio, added acid, oxidant, temperature and water content on the properties of the conducting polymers (molecular weight, degradation, doping/oxidation level, conductivity, and nanostructure). The work on mechanochemical polymerization (MCP) of anilines is analyzed in view of previous data in solution, and published data are critically reconsidered to clarify the interpretation of experimental results. A key factor is the production of acids during polymerization, which is often overlooked. The production of gaseous HCl during MCP of aniline hydrochloride is experimentally observed. Since some experiments involves the addition of small amounts of water, the kinetics and heat balance of the reaction with concentrated solutions were simulated. A simple experiment shows fast (<2 min) heating of the reaction mixture to the boiling point of water and temperature increments are observed during MCP in a mortar. The form and sizes of PANI nanostructures made by MCP or solution are compared. The extensive work on the production of nanocomposites by MCP of anilines together with different nanomaterials (porous clays, graphene, carbon nanotubes, metal, and oxide nanoparticles) is also described.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanochemical Synthesis of Polyanilines and Their Nanocomposites: A Critical Review

Barbero

Acevedo

2022

Polymers

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“…r is a vital parameter in PANI polymerization [15,39]. Although r can be determined directly from the stoichiometric equation of the PANI polymerization reaction, adjustment to other conditions is often considered to obtain properties and further clarify the significance of r. The concentration of HCl as a reaction medium was kept at 0.2 M, with a synthesis temperature of 0 • C-5 • C in PANI polymerization, as recommended in numerous research papers [40,41]. The stirring speed was 800 rpm throughout the synthesis period.…”

Section: Determination Of Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Nanosized Polyaniline

Banjar,

Joynal Abedin,

Fizal

et al. 2023

Polymers

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Polyaniline (PANI) is a conductive polymer easily converted into a conducting state. However, its limited mechanical properties have generated interest in fabricating PANI composites with other polymeric materials. In this study, a PANI–prevulcanized latex composite film was synthesized and fabricated in two phases following chronological steps. The first phase determined the following optimum parameters for synthesizing nanosized PANI, which were as follows: an initial molar ratio of 1, a stirring speed of 600 rpm, a synthesis temperature of 25 °C, purification via filtration, and washing using dopant acid, acetone, and distilled water. The use of a nonionic surfactant, Triton X-100, at 0.1% concentration favored PANI formation in a smaller particle size of approximately 600 nm and good dispersibility over seven days of observation compared to the use of anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) showed that the PANI synthesized using a surfactant was in the emeraldine base form, as the washing process tends to decrease the doping level in the PANI backbone. Our scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the optimized synthesis parameters produced colloidal PANI with an average particle size of 695 nm. This higher aspect ratio explained the higher conductivity of nanosized PANI compared to micron-sized PANI. Following the chronological steps to determine the optimal parameters produced a nanosized PANI powder. The nanosized PANI had higher conductivity than the micron-sized PANI because of its higher aspect ratio. When PANI is synthesized in smaller particle sizes, it has higher conductivity. Atomic force microscopy analysis showed that the current flow is higher across a 5 µm2 scanned area of nanosized PANI because it has a larger surface area. Thus, more sites for the current to flow through were present on the nanosized PANI particles.

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“…The initial molar ratio of aniline monomer to APS or denoted as r is one of the vital parameters to be considered in the polymerization of PANI [17,39]. Even though the ratio could be determined directly from the stochiometric equation of PANI polymerization reaction, adjustment to other conditions is often considered into account to obtain properties and more clarification on the significance of r. The concentration of HCl as reaction media was retained at 0.2 M with synthesis temperature (0 -5 o C) in PANI polymerization as recommended in numerous research papers [40,41]. The stirring speed used was 800 rpm throughout the synthesis period.…”

Section: Determination Of Initial Molar Ratio Of Aniline: Aps (R)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Nanosized Polyaniline

Banjar¹,

Abedin²,

Fizal³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Polyaniline or PANI is a conductive polymer (CPs) with flexibility in turning into conducting properties. The drawback is mainly in terms of limited mechanical properties improvement which attracted the interest in fabrication of PANI with other polymeric materials. PANI-PVL composites film was synthesized and fabricated in this work with chronological steps according to the objectives aligned in two different phases. The first phase determines the optimum parameters to synthesize nanosized PANI. The ideal initial molar ratio, r was 1, stirring speed of 600 rpm, purified by filtration, synthesis temperature of 25 oC, washed by dopant acid, acetone and distilled water. The usage of non-ionic surfactant, Triton X-100 (TX100) with 0.1 % concentration favours the formation of smaller particle size of PANI and good dispersibility compared to the usage of anionic sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). The synthesis of PANI in nanosized dimension has the potential to be applied for antimicrobial applications such as gloves and antimicrobial coating of frequent contact points in the near future.

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Facile synthesis of polyaniline catalyzed by carbon fiber for supercapacitor applications

Cited by 7 publications

References 41 publications

Mechanochemical Synthesis of Polyanilines and Their Nanocomposites: A Critical Review

Mechanochemical Synthesis of Polyanilines and Their Nanocomposites: A Critical Review

Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Nanosized Polyaniline

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Nanosized Polyaniline

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