Facile synthesis of three-dimensional graphene networks by magnetron sputtering for supercapacitor electrode

Abstract

SUMMARYThree-dimensional (3D) graphene network deposition on Ni foam without any conductive agents and polymer binders was successfully synthesized by radio frequency magnetron sputtering at low temperature. The direct and close contact between graphene and Ni foam is beneficial to the enhanced conductivity of the electrode, as well as the improvement of ion diffusion/transport into the electrode. As a result, the 3D graphene network deposition on Ni foam electrode delivered a high specific capacitance of 122.0 F g À1 at 1.0 A g À1 and excellent cycle stability with capacitance retention of 99.0% after 1000 charge-discharge cycles. The work shows a new way to facile synthesis of 3D graphene network for various applications in the future.

3D Graphene Materials: From Understanding to Design and Synthesis Control

“…have also been found able to dissolve amorphous carbon and rearrange them into graphene layers. 302,303 When annealing an amorphous carbon layer with its surface coated by Ni, Co, or Fe nanoparticles at temperatures above 600 °C (Co, Ni) or 560 °C (Fe), the amorphous carbon film was found completely taken up by the metal crystals. 302 The dissolved carbons diffuse all through the metal and form graphene layers on the surface of the metal after a dissolving saturation, just the same as the behaviors of carbon atoms decomposed from hydrocarbons.…”

“…the rearrangement of the atomic carbons into an energetically favorable graphene structure, is the final critical step to obtain a graphene material. The term “graphenization” is emphasized in order to distinguish it from the classical “graphitization” process, where graphitic materials with 3D ordering are formed from organic compounds. , This “graphenization” process is also the basis for the rearrangement of the carbon atoms in amorphous carbons into graphene materials. − …”

3D graphene nanosheets from plastic waste for highly efficient HTM free perovskite solar cells

“…After, that this carbon residue is undergone for the secondary stage pyrolysis process at secondary Ni based reactor at the temperature of the 850°C, where the process of graphenization occurred from the carbon radical which were formed from the carbon residue due to the presence of Ni based catalyst reactor and effect of temperature. Under the process of graphenization, the amorphous carbon atoms present within the carbon residue undergo for rearrangement and finally rearranged in graphene like framework [53][54][55][56]. Here, Ni based bed reactor also played an important role by dissolving the carbon atoms from the decomposed plastic skeleton and thus allocated the atomic carbon atoms into an energetically favorable structure of graphene [50][51][52].…”

High-performance porous lead/graphite composite electrode for bipolar lead-acid batteries

“…At present, store energy system such as lead-acid battery, lithium-ion battery, super capacitor, and so on [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] have been obtaining more and more attention owing to the development of electric vehicle industry. Although lead-acid battery has gone through more than 100 years, it still holds a large share of the storage energy market.…”