Facile Synthesis of Tin (II) Sulphate using Precipitation Method: Effect on Sulfuric Acid Concentration, Heating Temperature and Time, and Effect of Oxygen

Abstract

Exploring new methods and protocols for synthesizing tin (II) sulfate (SnSO4) with low energy and time consumption is of significant industrial importance. We have developed synthesis protocols involving critical parameters, such as oxygen gas flow, sulfuric acid concentration and heating temperature dan time, aimed at yielding a high purity of SnSO4 precipitate. Our findings indicate that oxygen gas flow significantly enhances the synthesis process, resulting in a high yield of pure SnSO4 precipitate. The optimal synthesis conditions were identified as 180 °C for 2 h under continuous oxygen gas flow. This research shows the most efficient synthesis time rather than any prior research. Under these conditions, an intermediate oxide formed, which subsequently reacted with 30 %wt sulfuric acid to produce the desired yellowish SnSO4 precipitate. The presence of tin (II) in the synthesized product was confirmed by the iodine test. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) was employed to analyze the product's thermal stability. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a single-phase SnSO4 crystal structure with an average particle size of 666 nm. Additionally, X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis confirmed the product's purity, showing a tin (II) sulfate content of 98.369 %. Further studies using the Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) confirmed the prismatic particle shape morphology of the SnSO4 crystals, with an average size of 3.473 μm. The developed synthesis protocol provides a facile and energy-efficient approach to synthesize pure SnSO4 material. HIGHLIGHTS Novel protocols for tin (II) sulfate (SnSO4) synthesis Low energy and time consumption synthesis Optimum synthesis parameters Tin (II) sulfate (SnSO4) synthesis condition under oxygen gas flow Tin (II) sulfate (SnSO4) prismatic morphology GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT