Facile Synthesis of Ultrastable Porous Aromatic Frameworks by Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reaction for Adsorption Removal of Organic Dyes

Abstract

Porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) with robust structure, high stability, and high surface area have attracted intense interest from scientists in diverse fields. However, there are still very few reports on the adsorption of organic dyes by PAFs. In this work, four new PAFs have been facilely synthesized by the polymerization of a tetrahedral‐shaped (four‐node) monomer with a series of three‐node monomers through Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions. All the obtained materials possess hierarchical porous structures and show high thermal and chemical stability. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface areas of these PAFs were determined to be 857 m2 g−1 for PAF‐111, 526 m2 g−1 for PAF‐112A, 725 m2 g−1 for PAF‐112B, and 598 m2 g−1 for PAF‐113. Rhodamine B was selected as a model organic dye to test the adsorption capacities of the obtained PAF materials. PAF‐111 showed a maximum adsorption capacity of 1666 mg g−1 (167 wt %) for Rhodamine B, which is among the highest values reported to date for porous organic materials. It is noteworthy that PAF‐111 could be reused in at least ten cycles under the adsorption conditions without any loss of adsorption capacity. Our study has revealed the great potential and advantages of PAFs as ultrastable adsorption materials for the removal of organic dyes.

Application of Various Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) as Catalysts for Air and Water Pollution Environmental Remediation

“…However, research studies mainly concentrate on the removal of one type of pollutant, either soluble or insoluble pollutants. Recently, porous materials, such as MOFs, have been applied to water filtration to treat these contaminants [211][212][213][214][215][216][217][218][219]. It is necessary to use an electrospinning process to obtain superhydrophilic-underwater superoleophobic properties.…”

Carboxyl-functionalized porous aromatic framework for rapid, selective and efficient removal of cationic pollutants from water

“…Recently, novel porous materials based on the ingenious design have been used as promising adsorbents for the removal of multifarious pollutants from water due to their appealing porous structure and properties, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), 8,9 covalent organic frameworks (COFs), 10,11 porous organic polymers (POPs) 1, 12 and porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs). 13,14 Among these porous materials, PAFs are featured with high surface area, ordered pore structure and excellent chemical stability, which satisfy the fundamental requirements for qualified adsorbents. 4 Although PAFs or PAF-based composites have been used for efficient removal of multitudinous pollutants from water, [14][15][16] the selectivity is still an issue to be addressed for task-specific application.…”

Cationic porous aromatic framework with hierarchical structure for selective, rapid and efficient removal of anionic dyes from water

“…Recently, on the basis of rational molecular design, various novel porous materials have been developed as advanced adsorbents for dyes and other kinds of pollutants removal, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) [11][12][13], covalent organic frameworks (COFs) [14][15][16], porous organic polymers (POPs) [17][18][19] and porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) [20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. It is known that high stability, proper porous structure and abundant functional groups are fundamental elements for effective adsorbents [27][28][29].…”

“…However, PAFs with task-specific functional groups and porosity are still limited. The introduction of functional groups into PAFs has been proved as an efficient way to achieve adsorption selectivity [24][25][26]. Post-modification method was initially adopted for this purpose.…”