Facing Phototrophic Microorganisms That Colonize Artistic Fountains and Other Wet Stone Surfaces: Identification Keys

Abstract

All fountains are inhabited by phototrophic microorganisms, especially if they are functional and located outdoors. This fact, along with the regular presence of water and the intrinsic bioreceptivity of stone material, easily favors the biological development. Many of these organisms are responsible for the biodeterioration phenomena and recognizing them could help to define the best strategies for the conservation and maintenance of monumental fountains. The presence of biological growth involves different activities for the conservation of artistic fountains. This paper is a review of the phototrophic biodiversity reported in 46 fountains and gives a whole vision on coping with biodeteriogens of fountains, being an elementary guide for professionals in the field of stone conservation. It is focused on recognizing the main phototrophs by using simplified dichotomous keys for cyanobacteria, green algae and diatoms. Some basic issues related to the handling of the samples and with the control of these types of microalgae are also briefly described, in order to assist interested professionals when dealing with the biodiversity of monumental fountains.

Unraveling disparate roles of organisms, from plants to bacteria, and viruses on built cultural heritage

“…However, positive results were obtained in laboratory assays using paired algal hosts ( Chlorella strains, NC64A, Pbi, and Sag 3.83) and viruses (PBCV-1, MT325, and ATCV-1) derived from aquatic systems, confirming the possibility of virus-induced bioremediation to inhibit growth of the alga Chlorella on stone. Chlorella commonly occurs on historic fountains and other wet stone surfaces (Bolivar-Galiano et al 2021 ) and also in lampenflora communities (Nikolić et al 2021 ).…”

Special Issue on Discovery and Research on Aquatic Microorganisms

“…Finally, Bolivar-Galiano et al [5], contributed with a review article focused on the phototroph biodiversity reported in monumental fountains. Since many phototrophic organisms that develop on stone material are responsible for biodeterioration, the authors wished to draw up a guide for interested professionals in the field of conservation, providing simplified dichotomous keys for cyanobacteria, green algae, and diatoms.…”