In this perspective article, we critically explore 'disruption' in relation to sustainability transitions in the energy sector. Recognising significant ambiguity associated with the term, we seek to answer the question: What use has 'disruption' for understanding and promoting change towards low carbon energy futures. First, we outline that different understandings and dimensions of 'system disruption' exist with different linkages to institutional and policy change. This variety points out a need to research in more detail the particular effects of differing low-carbon innovations in terms of their disruptive consequences for whole socio-technical systems. Thus, disruption can be utilised as a useful conceptual tool for interrogating in more detail the ways in which energy systems are changing in particular contexts. Second, we reflect on the relationship between 'green industrial policy' and disruption. In some contexts 'energy disruption' has been facilitated by green industrial policy, and it would seem that the profound changes said to be on the horizon in terms of disruption are also a motivator of green industrial policy. New industrial policy can be an important way in which the negative consequences of disruptive change, such as job losses, can be managed and facilitated. 1. The 'Disruption' of everything: just another buzzword? Discussions of 'disruption' have gained increasing traction in policy (European Commission, 2014; Innovate UK, 2017) and academia (e.g Nagy et al., 2015; Sioshani, 2017) alike. The term 'disruptive technology' was initially coined in 1995 (Bower and Christensen, 1995; Christensen and Rosenbloom, 1995) and mainly used in the subsequent years to discuss the renewal of firms in the context of business and organisational studies. However, recently the term has become more prolific than ever, spurred on by apparent momentous changes in a range of sectors. These often interconnected developments include automation in transport, 3D printing, digitalisation, the 'gig economy' and 'smart' energy. Definitions have been used further afield to discuss changes in education and health care (Horn and Staker, 2015; Hwang and Christensen, 2008). In an important online article for the New Yorker, Lepore (2014) cynically observed that today "everyone is either disrupting or being disrupted" and argued that "every era has a theory of rising and falling, of growth and decay…our era has disruption". The ubiquity of the term is seen by many as being problematic, with suggestions that the theory of disruption may be "dead wrong" (Kitroeff, 2015) due to its vagueness and lack of definitional clarity, and that it is time to "retire" disruption, "Silicon valley's emptiest buzzword" (Alexander, 2016). King and Baatartogtokh, (2015) inquire 'how useful is a theory of disruption'?